Sclerotinia narcissicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Detached Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia narcissicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Narcissus spp. DISEASE: Smoulder, grey mould. Infection may reduce bulb yield and flower size (55, 3617). Symptoms may include: rot of the bulbs and leaves at ground level, brown lesions on the leaves and flower buds, distortion and failure of emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Iraq, USSR; Australasia: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria), New Zealand; Europe: Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey), Denmark, Eire, England, Germany, Northern Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, USSR, Wales, West Germany; North America: Canada (British Columbia, NS, Ontario, PEI); USA (North Carolina, New York, Oregon, Virginia, Washington State) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 315). TRANSMISSION: The disease may come from planting of infected bulbs or from infected soil; sclerotia in the soil may be viable for up to nine months (61, 7053). In vitro conidial suspensions did not cause infection except of wounded or damaged tissue; mycelial inoculation consistently caused lesions on detached leaves and bulb scales (61, 5797).

Passalora sojina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. David
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Far East ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Aerial Dispersal ◽  
Dead Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Passalora sojina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Frog-eye leafspot. HOSTS: Glycine hispida, G. javanica, G. max, G. soja, G. ussuriensis (FALEEVA, 1976), Mucuna sp. (CROUS & BRAUN, 2003) (Fabaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: [CAB International Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 871, Edn. 1 (2002)]. AFRICA: Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Guatemala. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paolo), Venezuela. ASIA: China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), East Timor, India (Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Nepal, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Taiwan. EUROPE: Russia. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne and by aerial dispersal of conidia through wind and rain splash. The fungus also survives in dead plant material and can re-infect living plants (SWEETS, 2001).

Aphanomyces cochlioides. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Aphanomyces Cochlioides ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Root Tissues

Abstract A description is provided for Aphanomyces cochlioides. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Amaranthus blitoides, A. retroflexus, Beta lomatogona, B. patellaris, B. patula, B. trigyna, B. vulgaris, B. vulgaris var. cicla, Celosia argentea, Chenopodium album, Dianthus chinensis, Echinocloa crus-gallii, Escholtzia californica, Gomphrena globosa, Kochia scoparia, K. scoparia var. culta, Lychnis alba, Mollugo verticillata, Papaver rhoeas, Portulaca oleracea, Salsola kali, Saponaria ocymoides, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia tetragonioides. DISEASE: Blackroot of sugar beet; the fungus is a facultatively necrotrophic plant pathogen. There is an early acute phase of short duration (causing pre-emergence and post-emergence damping off) and a later chronic phase which may persist throughout the life of the plant. Infection during seed germination is indicated by poor stands with killed seeds remaining in the soil to infect young seedlings emerging elsewhere. Seedling hypocotyls are infected at ground level, a water-soaked area extending up and down the hypocotyl or the upper part of the young taproot from the point of entry. The invaded root or hypocotyl rapidly becomes brownish and then assumes the characteristic jet black discoloration from which the disease derives its name. Soon after, the cortex of the hypocotyl dries, and the stem and hypocotyl shrink, leaving a thin strand of tissue. Oospores are easily seen in the collapsed root and hypocotyl tissue on microscopic examination. The chronic phase first appears on plants in late June to August. A greenish-yellow discoloration of the swollen hypocotyl develops, affected root tissues becoming dark brown, soft, water-soaked, splitting apart and eventually shrivelling. Plants are stunted and lower leaves turn yellow. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan. Australasia & Oceania: Australia (Qld). Europe: Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany (GDR & GFR), Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Sweden, USSR (Russia). North America: Canada (Alberta, NS, Ontario, Quebec), USA (California, Connecticut, Indiana, Michigan, Maine, MT, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Texas, Washington State, Wisconsin). South America: Chile. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 596. TRANSMISSION: Presumably in soil by oospores originating from sloughed-off root tissues and germinating to produce zoospores. The conditions favouring oospore germination are however largely unknown. Survival may occur on alternative hosts present in the crop, so the disease may be difficult to eliminate. The disease is particularly severe in warm, wet conditions, less so in cool, wet weather.

Sclerotinia trifoliorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sclerotinia Trifoliorum ◽  
Distribution Maps

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia trifoliorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Trifolium spp., also Medicago sativa and other herbaceous leguminous forage crops including Anthyllis vulneraria, Lathyrus spp., other Medicago spp., Melilotus spp. and Vicia spp. including V. faba (on this host causing 'Bean rot'; the causal agent of which has often been referred to as S. trifoliorum var. fabae Keay) and V. saliva. Although approximately 100 hosts have been recorded for this pathogen there is often a lack of conclusive evidence that S. trifoliorum and not another Sclerotinia species is to blame. DISEASE: Rot, called variously: Stem rot, Crown rot, Brown patch of lawns, Clover sickness, Clover canker. Symptoms include leaf rot, petiole rot and stem rot. Initial leaf spotting may be followed by these more severe rot symptons. The foliage usually turns grey-green as though scalded, then may wither and the rot may spread. In lucerne the leaves may be totally destroyed by the pathogen, but it takes a long time to reach the root system through the comparatively thick stem. TRANSMISSION: The development of apothecia occurs in the autumn. Ascospores infect the leaves, and rotting of the clover plants sets in the following early spring. The fungus is able to complete its entire life-cycle as a saprophyte. Spread from plant to plant takes place chiefly along affected petioles, but the pathogen may grow about 2 cm over the soil from a nutritional base. The fungus can persist in the crown of the plant throughout the summer until harvest. Sclerotia may germinate to produce apothecia and ascospores which may infect emergent shoots; sclerotial germination is favoured by light, well-aerated soils and a temperature between 10° and 20°C. Mycelium and ascospores remain viable (in a dry state) for seven months, sclerotia buried in the soil survive for more than seven years. In vitro conidia will infect clover plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt; Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan, Korea; Australasia & Oceania: Australia (NSW, Viet., Tas., W.A.), New Zealand; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Que, PEI), USA (widespread), Mexico; Central & South America: Chile (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 274).

Sclerotinia borealis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Anthoxanthum Odoratum

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia borealis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Lolium perenne and various cereals, forage grasses and lawn grasses (including Triticum cultivars, Phleum pratense, Agrostis tenuis, Alopecurus pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Bromus inermis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca spp., Poa pratensis, Secale cereale). DISEASE: Snow scald, snow mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Japan, USSR; Europe: Finland, Norway, Sweden, USSR; North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Yukon); United States (AK, MN, WA) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 446). TRANSMISSION: Penetration of the fungus has been shown to occur (in vitro) through stomata and intercellularly. In the field disease entry can be facilitated by injury which is increased by slight freezing of the soil, a thick snow cover and slow melting of the snow in the spring. Sclerotia develop within the culms, digesting and to some extent incorporating the host tissue. Sclerotia may also be present on the leaves. Germination of sclerotia occurs to produce apothecia, with the subsequent production of ascospores which may then become the infective agents. The development of apothecia and the dissemination of ascospores are favoured by long, rainy autumns.

scholarly journals Biological control of strawberry crown rot, root rot and grey mould by the beneficial fungus Aureobasidium pullulans

BioControl ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mudassir Iqbal ◽  
Maha Jamshaid ◽  
Muhammad Awais Zahid ◽  
Erik Andreasson ◽  
Ramesh R. Vetukuri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Whole Plants

AbstractUtilization of biocontrol agents is a sustainable approach to reduce plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. In the present study, we tested the effect of the candidate biocontrol fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (De Bary) G. Armaud on strawberry under in vitro and in vivo conditions to control crown rot, root rot and grey mould caused by Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert and Cohn) and Botrytis cinerea Pers, respectively. A dual plate confrontation assay showed that mycelial growth of P. cactorum and B. cinerea was reduced by 33–48% when challenged by A. pullulans as compared with control treatments. Likewise, detached leaf and fruit assays showed that A. pullulans significantly reduced necrotic lesion size on leaves and disease severity on fruits caused by P. cactorum and B. cinerea. In addition, greenhouse experiments with whole plants revealed enhanced biocontrol efficacy against root rot and grey mould when treated with A. pullulans either in combination with the pathogen or pre-treated with A. pullulans followed by inoculation of the pathogens. Our results demonstrate that A. pullulans is an effective biocontrol agent to control strawberry diseases caused by fungal pathogens and can be an effective alternative to chemical-based fungicides.

Pseudohelotium pineti. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Leningrad Oblast ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudohelotium pineti found on dead and whitened needles of Pinus sylvestris. Some information on its morphology, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Canada (Manitoba, Sasktachewan), USA (Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia), India (Jammu and Kashmir), Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia (Komi Republic, Leningrad Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Karelia), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and UK) and hosts (Pinus spp.).

Amarenomyces ammophilae.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Macquarie Island ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Sand Ecosystems

Abstract A description is provided for Amarenomyces ammophilae, usually found on attached dead leaves and stems of grasses typical of coastal sand ecosystems. Nothing is known about when it colonizes the substratum, but it is saprobic by the time conidiomata and ascomata are produced. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Morocco), North America (USA (Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina)), Antarctica (Macquarie Island), Australasia (New Zealand), Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine, UK)).

Ustilago syntherismae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Far East ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Loose Smut

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago syntherismae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Digitaria spp., including D. filiformis, D. ischaemum, D. sanguinalis. DISEASE: Loose smut of Digitaria. Infection sometimes dwarfs the host and causes it to branch more profusely than usual (36, 657); it is also reported that vegetative vigour is much prolonged in infected plants compared with uninfected (30, 432). Surface contamination by the large number of ustilospores when shed may result in some discolouration of the entire inflorescence including sheaths and leaf blades. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: 'Congo', Gambia, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia (central Asia, far east); Australasia: Australia: NSW (31, 225); Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark (39, 284), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (European region), Ukraine (52, 354); North America: Canada (Ontario; 46, 3383), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, IA, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, MD, ME, Michigan, Montana, Missouri, MS, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia; 69, 2765); South America: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. (33, 634; 40, 209; 48, 2203; 50, 2756; 64, 4163). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; ustilospores are presumably disseminated by air currents and infection is thought to be systemic.

Peach yellows phytoplasma. [Distribution map].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Prunus Spp ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Peach yellows phytoplasma Bacteria: Phytoplasmas Hosts: Peach (Prunus persica), also other Prunus spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Ontario, USA, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia.

Phomopsis juniperivora. [Distribution map].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phomopsis juniperivora Hahn. Hosts: Conifers. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, New Zealand, EUROPE, Britain, Netherlands, NORTH AMERICA, Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnisota, Mississippi, Nebraska, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Va, Wis), SOUTH AMERICA, Uruguay.

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