Peronophythora litchii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Luffa Aegyptiaca

Abstract A description is provided for Peronophythora litchii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Litchi chinensis. Peronophythora litchii also infected artificially inoculated fruits of tomato, pawpaw and loofah (Luffa cylindrica[Luffa aegyptiaca])(64, 1198). DISEASE: Fruit rot or downy blossom blight of lychee (litchi); the fungus is a facultative necrotrophic plant pathogen. Diseased flowers turn brown and become covered with whitish masses of sporangia and sporangiophores. Young and ripe fruits, pedicels and leaves are also attacked, their tissues turning brown and dying, especially in periods of heavy rain (64, 688). The infection period was shown in laboratory studies to be fast and temperature dependent, varying from 1 day at 25°C to 3 days at 18°C (64, 1198). Continuous rain in the growing season in May appears important for development of an epiphytotic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China (Guangdong), New Guinea, Taiwan. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 597. TRANSMISSION: Sporangia not liberated by moving air, but readily dispersed in splash droplets, suggesting a rain-splash mechanism.

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Rhodesia

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants comprising 58 families including: avocado, castor, Cinchona spp., citrus, cotton, eggplant, guava, lucerne, papaw, parsley, pineapple, Piper betle, rhubarb, sesame, strawberry, tomato. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings (tomato, castor, citrus, cotton); root rot (citrus, avocado, strawberry, lucerne); crown rot (parsley, rhubarb, strawberry, lucerne); brown stem rot of tobacco; stem canker and tip blight of Cinchona spp. ; leaf blight (castor, sesame, pineapple, Piper betle) and fruit rot (citrus, tomato, guava, papaw, eggplant). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Mali, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika); Asia (Burma, Ceylon, China, Formosa, India, Israel, Japan, Java, Malaya, Philippines); Australia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, Tasmania); Europe (Cyprus, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, U.S.S.R.); North America (Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad);. South America (Argentina, Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, spreading rapidly after heavy rain or where soil remains moist or water-logged (40: 470). Also recorded in drainage water in India and in reservoirs and canals supplying citrus groves in U.S.A. (23: 45; 39: 24). A method for determining a disease potential index in soil using lemon fruit has been described (38: 4). Also present in testas of seeds from diseased citrus fruit which may infect nursery seedbeds (37: 165).

Diaporthe capsici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Diaporthe capsici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Capsicum spp. DISEASE: Dieback (Anon., 1972) and fruit rot of chillies, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria); Asia (India, Sabah, Sarawak, Western Malaysia, Philippines); Australasia & Oceania (Fiji, Solomon Is.); West Indies (Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash although it is probable that the fungus might also be seed borne.

Passalora sojina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. David
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Far East ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Aerial Dispersal ◽  
Dead Plant

Abstract A description is provided for Passalora sojina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Frog-eye leafspot. HOSTS: Glycine hispida, G. javanica, G. max, G. soja, G. ussuriensis (FALEEVA, 1976), Mucuna sp. (CROUS & BRAUN, 2003) (Fabaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: [CAB International Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 871, Edn. 1 (2002)]. AFRICA: Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe. NORTH AMERICA: Canada (Ontario), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin). CENTRAL AMERICA: Cuba, Guatemala. SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Piaui, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Sao Paolo), Venezuela. ASIA: China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangxi, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Menggu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), East Timor, India (Karnataka, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Nepal, Russia (Far East), South Korea, Taiwan. EUROPE: Russia. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne and by aerial dispersal of conidia through wind and rain splash. The fungus also survives in dead plant material and can re-infect living plants (SWEETS, 2001).

Pseudomonas lachrymans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas lachrymans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucumis sativus and C. anguria. It may also attack C. melo var. inodorus (26: 140) and some other cucurbits. Elliott (31: 105) lists 10 hosts, all in the Cucurbitaceae. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot of cucumber. Small water-soaked spots appear on the leaves, petioles, stems, and fruits. On leaves they enlarge and become angular as they are delimited by veins They become tan to brown and the necrotic centres may fall out. On petioles, stems, and fruit spots develop white crusty bactenal exudate. A fruit rot develops if the bacteria penetrate deeply. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North and parts of Central America, most of Europe, U.S.S.R., China, Japan, W. Australia, Israel, southern Africa. (CMI Map 355, ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is seed-borne and infects the cotyledons dunng germination. It can overwinter on infected crop residue in the soil and has been found viable in dry leaf matenal after two and a half years (36: 677). The bacteria are carried from plant to plant within a crop by rain splash and probably by insects (Carsner, 1918; 31: 272). Workers can also spread the disease, particularly when foliage is wet with rain or dew (35: 810).

Sclerotinia narcissicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Detached Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerotinia narcissicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Narcissus spp. DISEASE: Smoulder, grey mould. Infection may reduce bulb yield and flower size (55, 3617). Symptoms may include: rot of the bulbs and leaves at ground level, brown lesions on the leaves and flower buds, distortion and failure of emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Iraq, USSR; Australasia: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria), New Zealand; Europe: Channel Islands (Guernsey, Jersey), Denmark, Eire, England, Germany, Northern Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, USSR, Wales, West Germany; North America: Canada (British Columbia, NS, Ontario, PEI); USA (North Carolina, New York, Oregon, Virginia, Washington State) (see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 315). TRANSMISSION: The disease may come from planting of infected bulbs or from infected soil; sclerotia in the soil may be viable for up to nine months (61, 7053). In vitro conidial suspensions did not cause infection except of wounded or damaged tissue; mycelial inoculation consistently caused lesions on detached leaves and bulb scales (61, 5797).

Valsa sordida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Hayova
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Poplar Trees

Abstract A description is provided for Valsa sordida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Valsa sordida is usually associated with Valsa canker of poplar twigs. Wounded trees, and trees injured by insects or attacked by other pathogens are more susceptible to infection. Development of Valsa canker is affected by environmental stress (Guyon, 1996; Tao et al., 1984). Poplar canker caused by V. sordida has been studied in different countries (CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, 1977; Worrall, 1983; Wang et al., 1981) The fungus can be often found in declining poplar stands together with another pathogen of poplar trees, Leucostoma niveum. Valsa sordida may also cause necrosis of willow twigs. HOSTS: Populus spp., Salix spp. and, more rarely, other woody angiosperms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Morocco. Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan. Kazakhstan, Korea, Russia (Tatarstan), Turkey, Turkmenia, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia (Victoria), New Zealand. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec, Saskatchewan). USA (California, Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota). South America: Chile. TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Yellow or orange exudation of conidia from conidiomata can be often seen after rain.

Sporisorium sorghi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Infected Seed

Abstract A description is provided for Sporisorium sorghi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Covered smut or covered kernel smut of sorghum. Development of functional ovaries and anthers is prevented in infected parts of the plants. HOSTS: Panicum miliaceum, Sorghum bicolor, S. dochna, S. halepense, S. plumosum, S. sudanense and S. vulgare (Poaceae). This species has also been recorded from Ischaemum ciliare (VISWANATHAN et al., 2000). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide, see CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases No. 220, edn 4 (1987). In addition it has been recorded from AFRICA: Mauritania (FRISON & SADIO, 1987). CENTRAL AMERICA: Nevis. TRANSMISSION: In addition to dissemination on infected seed, there is evidence that this species can also be spread by air-borne chlamydospores (SHENOI & RAMALINGAM, 1976).

Botryosphaeria obtusa. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Spore Release ◽  
Botryosphaeria Obtusa ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Botryosphaeria obtusa. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Malus and Vitis. Also on Acer, Alnus, Amygdalus, Artemisia, Betula, Citrus, Crataegus, Cupressus, Diospyros, Eriobotrya, Hicoria, Juniperus, Liquidambar, Liriodendron, Lucuma, Magnolia, Melia, Nannorrhops, Nerium, Pinus, Platanus, Prunus, Rhamnus, Ribes, Robinia, Rubus, Salix, Sassafras, Tectona, Ulmus, Viburnum, Yucca. DISEASE: Causes canker and dieback on pomaceous fruits and grapevine but can live saprophytically on dead wood and bark of many woody plants. On apple, B. obtusa is responsible for three diseases: a canker (New York apple tree canker or black-rot canker); frog-eye leaf spot; and black-rot of the fruit. Cankers start as small elliptical areas of discoloured wood, often with a peripheral crack; as they grow the bark becomes roughened and black pycnidial pustules protrude. Diseased branches and twigs can be girdled and killed. Leaf spots begin as small, circular, purple spots which increase in size, developing a light brown centre, the typical 'frog-eye' symptom. Extensive defoliation may result if this stage of the disease is severe. The fruit rot usually commences at a wound or at the calyx as a dark spot, which spreads to envelope the whole fruit. Diseased fruits are firm and black but eventually shrivel and become mummified. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the temperate areas; Europe, Southern Africa, North and South America, India, Japan, New Guinea, Western Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: The fungus can over-winter on mummified fruit, cankers, dead twigs and secondary hosts. Conidia and ascospores are mostly dispersed by rain-splash and perhaps by insects. Spore release is affected by relative humidity and temperature and dispersal is stimulated by night-time rain (50, 735).

Phytophthora citrophthora. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Citrophthora ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Southern Rhodesia ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Collar And Root Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora citrophthora. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Citrus spp. and many other hosts represented by the following families: Aceraceae, Apocynaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Pinaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae. Also pathogenic on inoculation to hosts in the above and following additional families: Fagaceae, Myrtaceae and Oleaceae (10: 98, 569; 17: 253). Some records may be mis-identifications. DISEASES: Causing brown fruit rot, leaf and shoot blight, trunk gummosis, collar and root rot of citrus; trunk and crown canker of apple, pear. peach, plum and other woody Rosaceae, and avocado, honey-locust and walnut; and 'damping-off' of a large variety of nursery seedlings including citrus, tomato and conifers (30: 433). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Angola, Congo, Egypt, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Northern Rhodesia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia, Tunisia); Asia (China,? India, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Malaya, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey); Australasia (Australia, Cook Is., Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand); Europe (Cyprus, France, Italy, Spain); Central America (Cuba, El Salvador, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); North America (Mexico, United States); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay). (CMI Map 35, Ed. 3) TRANSMISSION: Occurs in soil to a depth of 1 m or more (1: 212) and is disseminated by rain splash from soil to low hanging fruit and foliage (20: 300; 31: 604). Also present throughout the year in California in reservoirs and irrigation canals supplying citrus groves (39: 24). The testas of seed from infected citric fruit can carry the pathogen to new seed beds and on transplanting to the nursery. Balled trees from such nurseries constitute an important source of infection on clean land in California (37: 165).

Plasmopara halstedii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Plasmopara Halstedii ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Putative Origin

Abstract A description is provided for Plasmopara halstedii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Over 80 hosts from a wide range of genera in the Compositae have been reported, including wild and cultivated species of Helianthus. For lists see Leppik (1966) and Novotel'nova (1977). DISEASE: Downy mildew of sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus); the fungus is an obligately biotrophic plant pathogen. Leaves of infected plants develop chlorotic mottling which spreads from the veins near the petiole across the lamina, and increases in area and intensity as leaves age. Plants become stunted, having thin stems, very much smaller capitula without seeds, and smaller and darker roots. The disease is primarily systemic and mycelium can be found throughout the plant from roots to capitulum and achenes, in all except meristematic tissues. Under humid conditions, a white felt of sporangiophores develops on the undersurface of chlorotic areas. Localized secondary infection of the leaves and heads occasionally develops, resulting in spots, delimited by veins. Such secondary infection may also become systemic. Some infected plants show no disease symptoms, but produce lower yields of poorer quality seeds, which lose vitality and have lower germination rates (latent infection). Cotyledons are also infected causing damping-off in seed beds. A basal gall may also be produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Plasmopara halstedii is a fungus characteristic of the Americas, its putative origin, It has spread throughout Europe to parts of Africa and Asia, and has recently been reported from New Zealand. See CMI Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases 286. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne oospores and mycelium (in systemically infected roots) overwinter, infecting subsequent crops. Sporangia form on the surface of infected seedling roots, releasing zoospores which encyst and germinate c root hairs of other seedlings, producing a systemic infection. Sporangia are dispersed by rain-splash from leaves, producing a secondary infection in plants up to the six-leaf stage, but infect only the apical growing points of olde plants. Transmission by oospores in seeds has been responsible for the spread of this fungus around the world, especially since these spores can germinate to produce only a latent infection in the host plant (53, 4545).

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