Gibellina cerealis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
The North ◽  
Sharp Eyespot

Abstract A description is provided for Gibellina cerealis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae, especially Triticum. DISEASE: White foot rot or basal stem rot of wheat often associated with Rhizoctonia solani (49, 2428; 51, 2349); the disease may be confused with sharp eyespot of wheat caused by Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (48, 2903). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Rumania, UK); the North American (Oregon) record is probably incorrect (16, 801). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores from diseased crop residues (37, 156).

ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA

1886 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Aug. R. Grote
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
The South ◽  
Old World ◽  
The North

Again, the genera Citheronia and Eacles are a South American element in our fauna, while the typical Attacinæ, such as Actias, probably belong to the Old World element in our fauna, together with all our Platypteryginœ. Among the Hawk Moths the genera Philampelus and Phlegethontius are of probable South American extraction, though represented now by certain strictly North American species. Mr. Robert Bunker, writing from Rochester, N. Y., records the fact that Philampelus Pandorus, going into chrysaiis Augnst 1, came out Sept. 10 as a moth, showing that in a warmer climate the species would become doublebrooded. And this is undoubtedly the case with many species the farther we go South, where insect activities are not interrupted so long and so strictly by the cold of winter. Since the continuance of the pupal condition is influenced by cold, a diminishing seasonal temperature for ages may have originally affected, if not induced, the transformations of insects as a whole. Butterflies and Moths which are single brooded in the North become double brooded in the South.

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTER ANALYSIS, CLASSIFICATION, AND HISTORY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CICINDELA SPLENDIDA HENTZ GROUP TAXA (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 1327-1353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Aldo Schincariol ◽  
Richard Freitag
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The North ◽  
Species Overlap ◽  
Dominant Soil ◽  
Central United States ◽  
American Resident ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peak Abundance

AbstractComparisons of selected biological attributes were made to establish a phylogenetic basis for the classification of the Cicindela splendida Hentz group taxa. Recognized members of the group, C. splendida, C. limbalis Klug, and C. denverensis Casey, are spring-fall species, and northern populations emerge later during spring than southern populations. Despite differences in time of peak abundance, the three species overlap in time and space. The absence of large numbers of hybrids of these three species suggests that although closely related, their adults can distinguish from each other, and thus their rank as species should be retained.Comparison of geographical distribution of these species with that of dominant soil types revealed that they had similar soil preferences. The geographical distribution of all three species was smaller than the range of their preferred soil types, probably because of the same factors that influence their local distributions.Morphometric analyses of these species revealed a closer similarity between C. splendida and C. limbalis. In both sexes elytral pattern, percentage maculation, elytral colour, and non-sensory setae number collectively distinguish these species from each other, whereas body measurements, body ratios, sensory setae, and labral setae collectively fail to distinguish them.Based on plesiomorph/apomorph character polarization, and the C. purpurea Olivier group as outgroup, it was determined that C. denverensis represents an early lineage of the C. splendida group, whereas C. splendida and C. limbalis are more recent sister species.The ancestor of the C. splendida group probably evolved during late stages of the Tertiary Period as a North American resident and was a continental, riparian, cool-temperate form that ranged across Canada and northeastern and central United States. Extant forms speciated during the late Pleistocene as a result of spatial fragmentation of populations, isolation, and adaptation during glacial and interglacial periods.

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS GYMNOSPORANGIUM

1940 ◽  
Vol 18c (9) ◽  
pp. 469-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan H. Crowell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
North American ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Alternate Hosts ◽  
Host Group ◽  
The North

This study of geographical distribution shows that species of the genus Gymnosporangium are found in the northern hemisphere only and occur most abundantly in the temperate portion. Each of the three major continents contains a distinctive Gymnosporangium flora and, with the exception of three species called the "tricontinental species", species occur naturally in one continent only. The genus contains about 48 species; 33 occur in North America, 15 in Asia and 6 in Europe (including the three tricontinental species in each case). Explanations of the types of geographical distribution of the North American species are given under four categories: (i) species that occupy all potential territory covered by the coincident ranges of their alternate hosts, (ii) species that are confined by the range of their "primary" telial host, (iii) localized species that are confined within a portion of the coincident ranges of their alternate host, and (iv) widely distributed species that are not limited in their range by either alternate host group.

Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Internal Cavity ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Weed Hosts

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, barley, oats, rye. Also occurs on many wild and cultivated grasses, including Aegilops, Agropogon, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Bromus, Dactylis, Festuca, Koeleria, Lolium and Poa spp. DISEASE: Causes eyespot of cereals. Typically the disease is characterized by a pale oval spot with a brown margin on the basal leaf sheaths and culm of cereal tillers at or just above ground level, but such symptoms maybe obscure on some cereals, e.g. oats. Black, stromatic pustules are often present within the centre of the lesion and stems may be ridged, kinked, frayed or otherwise distorted at the diseased zone. The grey mycelium of P. herpotrichoides can often be seen in the internal cavity of straws when they are split open. Random lodging ('straggling') of diseased crops occurs as diseased straws topple over before harvest; storm lodging is also more severe. Eyespot symptoms also include a culm or foot rot which can result in post emergence death of young seedlings or tillers; shrivelled grain and partially empty ears (whiteheads) can also occur on maturing crops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Europe; also occurs in some areas of N. America, Africa and Australia and in New Zealand (CMI Map 74, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Survival of the fungus between crops occurs on infected plant debris, particularly old stubble. Conidia are produced abundantly on this in wet autumn and spring weather and infect the leaf sheaths of young winter cereals. Direct mycelial infection can also occur. The fungus can survive long periods in the soil in infected crop debris and can infect susceptible crops planted at intervals of several years. Secondary weed hosts also act as a source of the fungus but are not as important as old stubble (49, 2426). During moist, cool springs secondary infection within a crop can occur by conidia dispersed from diseased plants.

Ascochyta pisi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Records ◽  
Mycosphaerella Pinodes ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
Leaf Lesion ◽  
Ascochyta Pisi ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Effective Spread

Abstract A description is provided for Ascochyta pisi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Pisum, Lathyrus and Vicia. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod spot of pea (Pisum sativum) and other legumes. The leaf lesion is somewhat light brown with a darker, frequently prominent, margin and pale centre. Stem lesions, rather sunken, are less abundant than in Mycosphaerella pinodes (CMI Descript. 340). Ascochyta pisi (causing post-emergence and pre-emergence damping-off and dwarfing) is essentially an above-ground pathogen and, although a basal stem rot may be found, the characteristic foot rot syndrome caused by M. pinodes does not occur. Primary lesions often form on the first leaves. Pod infection can lead to aborted seed or a range of other damage to seed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 273, ed. 3, 1971). New records not yet mapped are: Crete, Egypt, Haiti. TRANSMISSION: By water, through conidia, from host debris and seed (20: 441; 37: 258; 44, 2658); viability in seed was 6 yr (17: 427). Effective spread in soil is unlikely since A. pisi has a low saprophytic ability and chlamydospores are rare or absent (48, 1389, 1390).

scholarly journals HEMIPTERA FROM MUSKOKA LAKE DISTRICT

1889 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Van Duzee
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Lake District ◽  
The North

This list is presented as a slight contribution to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the North American Hemiptera. As our literature of this order is by no means overburdened with faunal lists, I trust that the present will find sufficient excuse for its appearance in the mater it contains. I have made every effort to have the list as accurate and complete as possible, under the circumstances. The material was accumulated during brief collecting tour in the Muskoka Lake District of Canada, in the interval from July 25th of August 3rd, 1888.

scholarly journals First Report of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4-HG-II on Garden Pink in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1287-1287
Author(s):  
E. R. Wright ◽  
M. C. Rivera ◽  
K. Asciutto ◽  
L. Gasoni
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Anastomosis Group ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
Basal Stem Rot ◽  
First Report

During 2001, basal stem rot, wilt, and plant death were observed on 30% of the plants in a crop of Dianthus plumarius L. ‘Telstar’ in Buenos Aires. Pieces of diseased stems ≈1 cm long were surface-disinfested in 2% NaOCl for 1 min and cultured on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), pH 7, at 22 to 24°C. After 7 days, an identical fungus was consistently isolated from pieces of infected tissue. Colonies initially were white, turned brown after 2 to 3 days, and eventually formed irregularly shaped sclerotia. Cultures exhibited morphological characteristics typical of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (2) and were identified with known anastomosis group tester isolates (1). Positive anastomosis was observed with tester strains of R. solani AG-4-HG-II. One isolate was tested for pathogenicity by placing two pieces of PDA (1 cm2) containing 7-day-old mycelial growth ≈0.5 cm from the base of healthy 2-month-old plants. Control plants were treated with sterile pieces of PDA using the same procedures. Ten replicate plants were used for each treatment. Plants were maintained at 22 to 24°C under 95 to 100% relative humidity and a 12-h light/dark photoperiod. After 7 days, symptoms developed that were similar to those originally observed, and Koch's postulates were satisfied by reisolating the fungus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. solani AG4-HG-II causing disease on D. plumarius in Argentina. References: (1) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia Species. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1991. (2) C. C. Tu and J. W. Kimbrough. Mycologia 65:941, 1973.

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