Albugo candida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Albugo Candida ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
White Blister

Abstract A description is provided for Albugo candida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of Cruciferae and Capparidaceae and also on leaves of Reseda alba (Jorstad, 1964). DISEASE: White blister or white rust of crucifers. Infection occurs mostly in young plants. White chalky pustules present all over the plant except the roots. Often causes damage to cabbage and its varieties and other crucifers (25, 416; 32, 100; 39, 334; 51, 813). The attacked parts often show marked hypertrophy, especially of the inflorescence. In rare instances galls have been found on roots of radish, contining oospores and globular haustoria (30, 194; 32, 81, 192; 33, 459). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide where hosts are present. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is by zoospores from germinating zoospores left in the soil or plant debris from a previous crop (Butler & Jones, 1949; 34, 69, 336; 38, 582; 39, 753). Wind-borne sporangia also germinate by formation of zoospores.

Peronospora anemones. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Glass Slides ◽  
Secondary Infections

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora anemones. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Anemone coronaria, A. globosa. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g. Botrytis cinerea) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).

Albugo tragopogonis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Rain Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Albugo tragopogonis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of Compositae only (Jorstad, 1964). DISEASE: White rust of salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius). Mostly infecting the leaves, rarely the stem (38, 674; 43, 62. 2797). Sometimes very damaging (45, 471). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (51, 2749; 43, 2797). USA. S. America, Canada, Europe, Asia and Africa (Wilson, 1907). TRANSMISSION: Through overwintering oospores in soil and plant debris. Sporangia disseminated through rain-splash or wind.

Peronospora viciae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dormancy Period ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Peronospora Viciae

Abstract A description is provided for Peronospora viciae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Vicia faba, V. sativa, Lathyrus sativus, Pisum sativum, P. arvense and other related forms. DISEASE: Downy mildew of peas. Downy greyish-violet growth forms on the under surface of the leaves, in patches of varying size, sometimes covering most of the leaf surface. In severely infected plants downy growth also develops on the stem and inflorescence and the leaves wither. The withered leaves contain oospores (Butler, 1918). Oospores also develop in the inflorescence and stem (32, 233; 44, 1756a). Causes severe loss, particularly in cool, wet years at temps, between 15 and 20°C and with rise of air RH (41, 295, 495; 45, 2294). Infection appears in the early stages of growth (36, 530). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide on peas (29, 336; 30, 20, 361, 417, 546; 33, 708; 34, 213, 271, 509; 36, 380, 519; 37, 5, 126; 39, 656; 41, 189, 216, 494; 43, 616; 44, 1031; 46, 1513i). TRANSMISSION: Initially through oospore infected soil coming from old infected plant debris (41, 272). During the growing season the spread is through wind blown sporangia (51, 4473) but they are short lived and need the proximity of the host plant for further development (Butler, 1918). Dormancy period of the oospores is also very short (41, 272).

scholarly journals Characterization of White Rust of Perennial Pepperweed Caused by Albugo candida in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 876-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Koike ◽  
M. J. Sullivan ◽  
C. Southwick ◽  
C. Feng ◽  
J. C. Correll
Keyword(s):  
Its Region ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Albugo Candida ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Zoospore Release ◽  
White Blister ◽  
Differential Hosts ◽  
Noxious Weed

In California, perennial pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) is an introduced Brassicaceae plant that is invasive, highly competitive, and listed as a noxious weed that grows in areas such as marshes, meadows, roadsides, and irrigation ditches. From 2008 through 2010, perennial pepperweed growing near farms in Monterey and Santa Clara counties was infected with white rust. Symptoms were light green-to-chlorotic spots on adaxial leaf surfaces and corresponding white, blister-like sori growing underneath the raised leaf epidermis on the abaxial surface. Sporangia were collected from lesions and used for DNA extraction. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The sequence matched with Albugo candida by BLAST against GenBank. On the basis of morphological and molecular data, the pathogen was confirmed to be A. candida. Pathogenicity was tested by scraping sporangia from infected leaves and spraying a suspension (1 × 105 sporangia/ml) onto pepperweed seedlings grown in pots. Plants were placed in an incubator at 100% relative humidity and 12°C for 48 h to induce zoospore release. Plants were subsequently maintained in a greenhouse. After 15 to 17 days, inoculated plants developed white rust symptoms and signs. Control plants sprayed with water did not become diseased. The experiment was completed two times with the same results. To determine the race of A. candida from perennial pepperweed, 4- to 5-week-old plants and 1- to 2-week-old seedlings of differential hosts (1–4) were inoculated in a similar fashion. The differential hosts were the following: Raphanus sativus (race 1), Brassica juncea cv. Burgonde (race 2A), B. juncea cv. Cutlass (race 2V), Armoracia rusticana (race 3), Capsella bursa-pastoris (race 4), Sisymbrium officinale (race 5), Rorippa islandica (race 6), B. rapa (B. campestris) cv. Torch (race 7A), B. rapa cvs. Reward, Cutlass, and AC Parkland (race 7V), B. nigra (race 8), B. oleracea (race 9), Sinapis alba (race 10), B. carinata (race 11), and perennial pepperweed as a control. White rust developed on pepperweed 10 to 14 days later but was not found on any of the differential hosts, indicating that this pathogen is not one of the currently described 11 races. The following commercial crop species were inoculated using the same method: arugula (Eruca sativa), Japanese mustard (B. campestris subsp. nipposinica), red mustard (B. juncea subsp. rugosa), tah tsai (B. campestris subsp. narinosa), cauliflower (B. oleracea subsp. botrytis), Chinese cabbage (B. campestris subsp. pekinensis), bok choy (B. rapa Chinensis group), broccoli raab (B. rapa subsp. rapa), and perennial pepperweed as a control. Only the perennial pepperweed developed white rust. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of A. candida infecting perennial pepperweed in California. The disease has been documented on this plant in Colorado and also in Bulgaria, Portugal, and Spain. The host range information is important to growers because it indicates that the race currently infecting perennial pepperweed will not infect commercial crucifers. References: (1) P. A. Delwich and P. H. Williams. Cruciferae Newsl. 2:39, 1977. (2) C. B. Hill et al. Cruciferae Newsl. 13:112, 1988. (3) S. R. Rimmer et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 22:229, 2000. (4) P. R. Verma et al. Can. J. Bot. 53:1016, 1975.

scholarly journals The Arabidopsis WRR4A and WRR4B paralogous NLR proteins both confer recognition of multiple Albugo candida effectors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amey Redkar ◽  
Volkan Cevik ◽  
Kate Bailey ◽  
Oliver J. Furzer ◽  
Sebastian Fairhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Proteins ◽  
Albugo Candida ◽  
Secretion Signal ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance ◽  
White Blister ◽  
White Blister Rust ◽  
Race 4 ◽  
Important Disease

The oomycete Albugo candida causes white blister rust, an important disease of Brassica crops. Distinct races of A. candida are defined by their specificity for infecting different host species. The White Rust Resistance 4 (WRR4) locus in Col-0 accession of Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes that encode TIR-NLR resistance proteins. The Col-0 alleles of WRR4A and WRR4B confer resistance to at least four A. candida races (2, 7 and 9 from B. juncea, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively, and Race 4 from Capsella bursa-pastoris). Resistance mediated by both paralogs can be overcome by Col-0-virulent isolates of Race 4. After comparing repertoires of candidate effectors in resisted and resistance-breaking strains, we used transient co-expression in tobacco or Arabidopsis to identify effectors recognized by WRR4A and WRR4B. A library of CCG effectors from four A. candida races was screened for WRR4A- or WRR4B- dependent elicitation of hypersensitive response (HR). These CCG genes were validated for WRR-dependent HR by bombardment assays in wild type Col-0, wrr4A or wrr4B mutants. Our analysis revealed eight WRR4A-recognized CCGs and four WRR4B-recognized CCGs. Remarkably, the N-terminal region of 100 amino acids after the secretion signal is sufficient for WRR4A recognition of these eight recognized effectors. This multiple recognition capacity potentially explains the broad-spectrum resistance to many A. candida races conferred by WRR4 paralogs.

Uromyces viciae-fabae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Early Source

Abstract A description is provided for Uromyces viciae-fabae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Lathyrus, Lens, Orobus, Pisum and Vicia species. DISEASE: Rust on leaves and stems of broad-bean, pea, vetch and lentil, causing partial defoliation of susceptible varieties. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (CMI Map 200, Ed. 2, 1964). TRANSMISSION: Recorded seed-borne on broad-bean (11: 222) and in infected plant debris mixed with seed of Lens culinaris in India by Prasada & Verma (1948), who found infection disseminated chiefly by aecidiospores at temperatures below 25°C. At Delhi, aecidiospores and urediospores die after harvest but the teleutospores resist high temperatures and remain viable for 2 yr. when stored at 3-18°C, germinating in January to initiate fresh outbreaks of infection. Studies by Kispatic (1949) in Yugoslavia suggested that aecidiospores probably remain viable in Mediterranean climates, though unable to survive severe winters experienced in Northern regions. The uredio mycelium was found very resistant to both heat and sunlight and survived the winter in leaves and stems of autumn-sown broad-bean, producing new spores as an early source of infection in spring. Urediospores showed 30% germination after 5 months storage at 1°C.

Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Mukerji
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Far East ◽  
Water Spinach ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Flower Abortion ◽  
Water Dispersal ◽  
White Blister ◽  
White Blister Rust

Abstract A description is provided for Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On members of the Convolvulaceae, especially on species of Ipomoea (Quamoclit, Merremia) and Convolvulus. Economic hosts include Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato, I. pes-tigridis and probably I. aquatic (= I. replans - water spinach); I. horsfalliae, I. purpurea and Calonyction aculeatum are amongst ormentals attacked. DISEASE: White rust of sweet potitto. common white (blister) rust of Ipomoca (Convolvulus etc.). Sporangial pustules are produced on lower leaf surfaces, (petioles, stem and flowers), separately from the oospores, the latter often developing in pronounced swellings, galls or elongated tumour-like growths of stem and branches (flowers, petioles, roots) (Singh & Bedi, 1966; Farlow, 1889). The disease may cause trailing species to assume an upright habit (11, 545) and individual branches may show a witches broom effect. Diseased plants can also exhibit chlorosis, general distortion, defoliation and flower abortion (Singh & Bedi, 1965, 1966; Harter & Weimer, 1929). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread on Ipomoea and Convolvulus spp. in tropical and warmer temperate regions. Main areas incluide North America (USA), tropical and South America (most countries); Africa (Moroco, Sudan and countries south of Sahara); S.W. Europe (S. France, Italy, Malta); S.W. USSR (Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and Asia (India, Pakistan and Far East); Australia (Queensland) and Pacific. Apparently not recorded in S.E. Europe, nor in Middle Eastern countries from Egypt through to Afghanistan. See under notes for distribution on I. batatas. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangia and by short distance water dispersal of sporangia and zoospores. Initial infection by oospores from overwintered host tissue can occur (Harter & Weimer, 1929; 39, 750).

Beauveria bassiana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. K. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Colorado Beetle ◽  
Porthetria Dispar ◽  
New Skin

Abstract A description is provided for Beauveria bassiana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS & SUBSTRATA: All stages of insects of all groups; lungs of wild rodents, nasal swab of horse; man; giant tortoise. The fungus overwinters in vegetable matter and is found in the soil. DISEASE: The fungus has been known since 1835 as the cause of the muscardine disease of silkworms. Although B. bassiana has multiplied in bees in laboratory tests it has so far not been recorded from bees in nature (Bailey, 1971). According to Wasti & Hartman (1975) penetration of the cuticle of gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar[Lymantria dispar]) larvae takes place 24 h after 2nd instar larvae have crawled over a culture of B. bassiana and within 64h the interior of the insect is completely filled with hyphae. These authors also note penetration of the gut wall. Fargues & Vey (1974), who sprayed conidia on to 3rd instar larvae of Leptinostarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle), showed that conidia germinate on the surface of the integument, penetrate the loosening skin, and blastospores develop in the moulting fluid, infecting the new integument as it forms. Some individuals cannot finish the moult, in others the delicate new skin ruptures and hyphae enter the haemolymph. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide.

Eurotium rubrum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Kozakiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Human Nails

Abstract A description is provided for Eurotium rubrum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A xerotolerant species with the same host range as E. repens (IMI Sheet 1255). DISEASES: Not known to be a pathogen of animals or man, but the species has been isolated from human nails (Smith, 1989). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide.

Cunninghamella echinulata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Sarbhoy
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Cunninghamella Echinulata

Abstract A description is provided for Cunninghamella echinulata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On decaying flowers of Cucurbita pepo, dung and soil. DISEASE: Reported pathogenic to Spanish pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) at Chandigarh and neighbouring villages in the Punjab, India by Grover (1965). Symptoms recognizable when the flowers begin to die off gradually. Diseased flowers do not open properly. Infected flowers are covered with the cottony mycelium of the pathogen and infected fruits may become detached from the plant and continue to rot on the soil. Leaves and stalks are also frequently infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide (mostly tropical countries). TRANSMISSION: Air borne; may survive in fragments of mummified pumpkin fruit up to 32 months.

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