Thanatephorus cucumeris. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Leaf Roll ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Thanatephorus Cucumeris ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Extensive Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Thanatephorus cucumeris. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Economically important on bean, beet, cabbage, cotton, pine, potato and tomato; infects wheat and turf grasses and is locally or seasonally important on over 250 other plants. It is doubtful whether any crop can be regarded as resistant to all strains. A mycorrhizal association is formed with some orchids. DISEASE: Early infection gives rise to seed decay and pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off, later infection to stem canker, wire-stem, eyespot and other diseases which result from decay of stem cortex and may be accompanied by stunting, yellowing and leaf roll symptoms. Other diseases are rot of organs in contact with soil, web, leaf and thread blights, fruit rot, root rot and storage rots and blemishes. Sites susceptible to infection are generally more restricted with increasing maturity of the host. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide. Probably present in all arable soils and has been isolated from virgin soils. Little is known of distribution of individual strains. TRANSMISSION: Primarily soil-borne. Capable of extensive growth through soil and survives in the form of sclerotia and on crop residues and weed hosts. Inoculum is spread during vegetative propagation (e.g. on potato tubers) and can be seed-borne. Basidiospores are reported to initiate a leaf spot of Hevea (48, 271) but their role in transmission of other diseases has not been studied extensively.

Colletotrichum coccodes. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Carry Over

Abstract A description is provided for Colletotrichum coccodes. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Lycopersicon esculentum, Solanum tuberosum and over 35 other hosts, representing 13 families chiefly in the Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae and Solanaceae (Cheaters & Hornby, 1965). Also on onion and strawberry on inoculation (36: 45). DISEASES: Black dot of potato and tomato, anthracnose of fruits of tomato, chilli (Capsicum) and squash. Causes a distinctive cortical brown rot of stems and roots of potato and tomato, chilli, eggplant and winter cherry (Solanum capsicastrum). The roots of other less susceptible hosts including chrysanthemum, white mustard, cress, cabbage, and lettuce are only lightly colonized, and the infected plants may be symptomless. Commonly causes destruction of cortical tissues of stems and roots of hosts, also fruit rot of tomato. On potato, black dot on stem root, and tuber, sometimes associated with leaf scorch (31: 574), skin necrosis (38: 621), rubbery tuber wilt (41: 670) and spindle sprout (35: 540, 918). Enzymes secreted by the pathogen are responsible for foot and root rot stages; wilting of aerial organs is a remote effect of operation of toxins (35: 541). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, and N., C., and S. America. (CMI Map l90) TRANSMISSION: Soil borne, but no rapid or extensive growth of hyphae through soil; survival probably only in decaying roots and other trash and on weed hosts. Infection occurs when living roots grow in contact with organic material harbouring the pathogen (32: 608; 36: 502, 719). Sclerotia overwinter on trash and develop into acervuli in spring (38: 478); they survive up to 84 wks. in greenhouse soil (45, 3066). In potato, transmission is from infected plants through the daughter tubers, and incidence of infection increases during storage; new plants are infected from dead material by conidia (35: 541; 34: 480). Persistence on weeds such as Solanum dulcamara and S. nigrum maybe implicated in carry-over from potato to tomato crops (45, 1204).

Phoma sorghina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Irian Jaya ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
A Minor

Abstract A description is provided for Phoma sorghina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae and all kinds of plants. Also isolated from soil, air and various animal sources. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of cereals and grasses. The visible symptoms vary considerably; on sorghum leaves spots are usually irregular or rounded, yellowish-brown or grey with definite reddish-purple margins or indefinite in outline, reaching 1 cm or more in width. Pycnidia develop within spots on leaves, glumes and seeds. Also the fungus has been implicated with pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings of Macroptilium and Sylosanthes species (54, 1779) crown rot of bananas (61, 3556), leaf spot of Agave americana and stem rot of Euphorbia tirucalli (63, 3383), brown stem canker of Leucosperum cordifolium (56, 253). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A ubiquitous fungus occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa (Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, USSR); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); Europe (Germany, Portugal, Italy, UK); North America (Canada, USA); Central America and West Indies (Antigua, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by contaminated seed; the fungus has been found on or isolated from several seed samples (1, 289; 33, 599; 47, 2153; 54, 1779; 60, 367; 61, 4102). In Taiwan P. sorghina has been found to be transmitted from seed to seedlings (62, 4281). The fungus has also been claimed to persist on trash and weed hosts and remain viable up to 1 yr but lose its viability after 2 yr storage on dry infected leaves (Koch & Rumbold, 1921).

Pestalotiopsis guepinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Camellia Japonica ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Extensive Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Pestalotiopsis guepinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Camellia japonica, C. sinensis, Erica and Rhododendron, with occasion records on unrelated hosts including Hippocratea, Jatropha, Laurus, Pinus and Terminalia. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot, twig dieback, stem canker, petal rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Specimens in Herb. IMI from Ghana, Kenya, Togo, India, Bohemia, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK, USA. Reported in literature from Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Azores, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic. TRANSMISSION: Conidia from diseased material and trash are dispersed by contact, water splash and local air currents, possibly to a limited extent by soil although extensive growth in soil has not been reported. It may also be seed-borne.

Colletotrichum graminicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Elizabeth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
New Hebrides

Abstract A description is provided for Colletotrichum graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Sorghum vulgare[Sorghum bicolor] and its varieties, S. halepensis, Zea, Triticum, Secale and other cultivated and wild genera distributed amongst at least 8 of the 12 tribes of Gramineae (Wilson 1914; Sprague, 1950). Also recorded on lucerne, red clover, soyabean and sweet clover (41: 368; 35: 300; 30: 598). DISEASES: Red stalk rot of internodal stem tissues, anthracnose and red leaf spot, also seedling blight of sorghum. On maize, cereals and other grasses the leaf spot form is most frequently seen, the spots are elliptical to elongated, usually 1-2 cm but occasionally confluent particularly on the midrib, pale orange to blackish purple, the centres greyish with age. Leaf anthracnose and stalk rots are characterized by the reddish discolouration, but pigmentation varies greatly according to host. Root rot is also recorded. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togoland, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (Burma, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand), Europe (Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Rumania); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Cuba, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guyana). TRANSMISSION: Seasonal persistence is on infected crop residues and weed hosts; sporulation has been observed on sorghum stalks and stubble after overwintering in the field (Le Beau et al., 1951). Also seed transmitted (35: 653).

Colletotrichum capsici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Colletotrichum Capsici ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extensive Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Colletotrichum capsici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Capsicum annuum, C. frutescens, Aristolochia, Cicer, cotton, Eggplant, jute, tomato, turmeric and many others from a wide range of families. DISEASE: Dieback, stem break, anthracnose, leaf spot, seedling blight, fruit rot (dieback of young fruits and ripe rot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, America and Australasia; has been recorded occasionally in Southern Europe. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne; persists in decayed fruits and other plant debris from which conidia are dispersed locally by water and air currents. No extensive growth in soil reported.

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Dolichos Biflorus ◽  
Salmon Pink ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Limited Period

Abstract A description is provided for Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On French, runner and broad beans, Phaseolus aborigineus, P. acutifolius, P. aurecus, P. lunatus var. macrocarpus, P. mungo, P. radiatus, cowpea, Dolichos biflorus, Lablab niger and occasionally on other Leguminosae. DISEASE: Leaf, stem and pod anthracnose. Lesions on stems and pods more clearly defined than those on leaves, grey or brown, slightly sunken with raised dark brown or reddish edge, frequently bearing conspicuous light salmon pink spore masses. All vegetative parts, except pulvini, are susceptible during early stages of development; invasion of the tap root of a young plant can lead to death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed, present in almost all areas where beans are grown (I.M.I. Map 177, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: Overwinters in seed and on buried infected crop residues. Survives for at least 2 yr on seed (32: 114) and is capable of withstanding temperatures of-15°C to -20°C for a limited period (6: 322). Dispersal within the crop by water, air currents and contact; no extensive growth in soil has been reported.

Didymella bryoniae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Punithalingam
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Didymella Bryoniae ◽  
Gummy Stem Blight ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract A description is provided for Didymella bryoniae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Cucurbits (Bryonia, Colocynthis, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Luffa, Momordica and Trichosanthes). DISEASE: Gummy stem blight of Cucurbitaceae, showing a variety of symptoms which are referred to as leaf spot, stem canker, vine wilt and black fruit rot. Lesions on leaves and fruit usually begin as spreading water-soaked areas; in the former these may have a chlorotic halo, become light brown and irregular in outline, leaves can be destroyed. On fruit, dark cracked sunken lesions form, beneath which an extensive rot is found. In the field the first symptoms may be plant collapse where sunken, girdling cankers lead to total loss. Infection also occurs on seedlings. The main characteristic features are the gummy exudate on stem and fruit lesions and the abundant pycnidia followed by perithecia, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 450, ed. 2, 1970). Records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Mexico, Netherlands, Pitcairn Islands, Republic of Ireland, Salvador. TRANSMISSION: Through conidia by water splash and aerially by ascospores which, in glasshouses in England, had a diurnal periodicity with a peak at 1800-2000 hr (46, 825; 48, 672); and in USA occurred mostly at night (50, 2621). Both spore types may serve as primary inoculum and between-crop survival is an important factor in the epidemiology. Reports on seed transmission are conflicting in cucumber, although seed could be inoculated successfully, no evidence for natural infection was found (48, 322). In the glasshouse transmission by pruning knives has been demonstrated (46, 825).

Phytophthora cactorum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Collar Rot ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A description is provided for Phytophthora cactorum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a very wide range of host plants embracing 54 families (particularly Rosaceae) and over 150 genera (Nienhaus, 1960; Rangaswami, 1962) including ash, beech, cherry, conifers, apple, pear, apricot, strawberry, cucurbits, eggplant, cacti, gooseberry, rhododendron, lilac, ginseng, rhubarb, avocado, birch, maple and oak. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings including ash, beech, cherry and conifers; fruit rot of apple, pear, apricot, strawberry (leather rot), cucurbits and eggplant; leaf and stem rot of cacti, gooseberry, rhododendron, lilac, ginseng and rhubarb; collar rot and crown rot of apple and other fruit trees stem canker of avocado, birch, maple and oak; root rots in general. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tempetate areas (CMI Map 280). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Widely distributed in soils of apple orchards affected with collar rot (35: 685; 37: 132). Strawberry fruit in unmulched beds and wind-fall apples and pears on the ground frequently become infected by contact with infested soil (4: 101; 35: 685) where the pathogen may occur to a depth of 50 cm and persist for as long as 15 yr. in ploughland previously under apple orchards (42: 75). This has been partially explained by the irregular germination of oospores which require a dormant period (Blackwell, 1943; Legge, 1952). Apple fruit and gooseberry shoot infection are most frequent on lower branches subject to rain-splash which carry zoospores (41: 49). Long periods of rain, heavy dews, fog and high soil moisture favour the spread of the pathogen (39: 250; 45, 2553; 22: 30-31; 42: 391).

Glomerella cingulata. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Glomerella Cingulata ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Stems And Leaves

Abstract A description is provided for Glomerella cingulata. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Reported frequently an Annona, apple, avocado, banana, cacao, Camellia, Capsicum, cherry, citrus (grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange), coffee, lupin, mango, papaw, pear, Piper, rubber, tea, tomato, vine, yams; also on many other cultivated and wild plants. DISEASE: Anthracnose of stems and leaves, dieback, root rot, leaf spot, blossom rot, fruit rot (dieback and ripe rot), seedling blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, though more abundant in tropics and subtropics than in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Persists on and in seed, trash and weed hosts and is dispersed locally by water splash, air currents, insects or other form of contact. Frequently isolated from soil.

Corticium rolfsii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Weed Hosts ◽  
Facultative Parasite

Abstract A description is provided for Corticium rolfsii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Arachis, Phaseolus and many other legumes, Beta, Brassica, Cannabis, Cinchona, Citrus, Cucumis, Ficus, Lycopersicon, Musa, Oryza, Solanum, Saccharum and a wide variety of other crops, ornamental plants and weeds. DISEASE: Stem rot, foot rot, crown rot, sclerotium wilt, blight. Infection commonly commences at about soil level and extends a few cm above and below. Epidermis, cortex and stele are all invaded; necrosis precedes penetration. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in moist tropics and warm temperate areas; present in most of Africa and southern Asia; Australasia; Spain, Italy and through central Europe to southern Sweden; North America (particularly important in southern USA), Central America and the West Indies and much of S. America (CMI Map 311, ed. 3, 1969). TRANSMISSION: A facultative parasite, capable of extensive saprophytic growth in surface layers of soil. Persists on crop residues and weed hosts. The sclerotia are disseminated by cultural practices, wind and water; a proportion survive passage through sheep and cattle. They occur as contaminants amongst seed and the fungus is occasionally seed-borne, e.g. in groundnut and watermelon, or present on vegetative propagation material. The perfect state is infrequent in the field and is probably not of primary importance in disease transmission.

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