Pyrenophora graminea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Leaf Stripe ◽  
The World ◽  
Pyrenophora Graminea ◽  
Leaf Shedding ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
Seedling Infection

Abstract A description is provided for Pyrenophora graminea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Barley and other Hordeum spp. Also, occasionally, on oats, wheat and rye. DISEASE: Causes leaf stripe of barley. Severe seedling infection can cause stunting and post-emergence death, but symptoms are not usually apparent until later, when long, chlorotic or yellow stripes on leaves and sheaths appear. Most leaves of a diseased plant are usually affected. Dark brown streaks develop later in the stripes, which eventually dry out and cause leaf shedding. Ears may not emerge or be deformed and discoloured. Grain production by infected plants is severely restricted. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread distribution; occurs in most barley-growing areas of the world. TRANSMISSION: Seed-borne (49, 1342) usually by mycelium in the pericarp. Perithecia are uncommon, but overwintering sclerotia on crop debris have been reported from Russia (42, 13). Secondary infection by conidia is apparently important only for floral infection and subsequent seed contamination.

Pseudomonas rubrlineans. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Leaf Stripe ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World

Abstract A description is provided for Pseudomonas rubrlineans. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Saccharum officinarum. Also found infecting Paspalum nutans, P. paniculatum (35: 750) and Zea mays (37: 205). Produces symptoms on Sorghum spp. when artificially inoculated. DISEASE: Red stripe disease of sugarcane. Two types of symptom occur: leaf stripe, in which long, narrow, sharply delineated, dark red stripes are observed and top rot, which may occur with or without leaf stripe symptoms. The latter phase of the disease causes much greater economic losses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely dispersed throughout the world and reported from many sugarcane areas (CMI Map 39, ed. 3, 1966). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is spread by wind and rain, especially in warm humid weather. Cottrell-Dormer showed that liquid exuded from stomata and hydathodes in such weather may contain large numbers of bacteria. Penetration is through stomata or wounds. The disease can be introduced into new areas with infected setts.

Pyrenophora avenae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Secondary Spread ◽  
Leaf Stripe ◽  
Blight Of Oats

Abstract A description is provided for Pyrenophora avenae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oats (Avena spp.). DISEASE: Leaf stripe, blotch or spot and seedling blight of oats. Seed-borne infection produces a range of seedling symptoms from pre-emergence death to slight spotting or streaking of coleoptiles. Mycelial infection of emerging leaves causes distortion and spotting. Inoculum from primary leaves causes secondary spread to upper leaves, producing light reddish-brown irregular streaks or blotches. Spikelet drop (42, 543) and stem-break (36, 641) may also occur when the disease is severe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread; occurs throughout most oat-growing areas. CMI Map 105, ed. 2, 1966, and in addition in Queensland, Egypt, Angola and Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Primary infection appears to be entirely by seed-borne inoculum, either as conidia or more particularly as mycelium in the outer layers of the seed. Secondary infection is by air-borne conidia. Soil-borne inoculum appears to be unimportant.

scholarly journals Human Q Fever on the Guiana Shield and Brazil: Recent Findings and Remaining Questions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loïc Epelboin ◽  
Carole Eldin ◽  
Pauline Thill ◽  
Vincent Pommier de Santi ◽  
Philippe Abboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Coxiella Burnetii ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Animal Reservoir ◽  
The World ◽  
Unique Strain ◽  
Amazonian Region

Abstract Purpose of Review In this review, we report on the state of knowledge about human Q fever in Brazil and on the Guiana Shield, an Amazonian region located in northeastern South America. There is a contrast between French Guiana, where the incidence of this disease is the highest in the world, and other countries where this disease is practically non-existent. Recent Findings Recent findings are essentially in French Guiana where a unique strain MST17 has been identified; it is probably more virulent than those usually found with a particularly marked pulmonary tropism, a mysterious animal reservoir, a geographical distribution that raises questions. Summary Q fever is a bacterial zoonosis due to Coxiella burnetii that has been reported worldwide. On the Guiana Shield, a region mostly covered by Amazonian forest, which encompasses the Venezuelan State of Bolivar, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and the Brazilian State of Amapá, the situation is very heterogeneous. While French Guiana is the region reporting the highest incidence of this disease in the world, with a single infecting clone (MST 117) and a unique epidemiological cycle, it has hardly ever been reported in other countries in the region. This absence of cases raises many questions and is probably due to massive under-diagnosis. Studies should estimate comprehensively the true burden of this disease in the region.

The Latah Reaction: Its Pathodynamics and Nosological Position

1952 ◽  
Vol 98 (413) ◽  
pp. 515-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Yap
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unusual Symptoms

Few mental diseases have attracted the attention of medical men working in outlandish parts of the world more than Latah. This is due, not only to its intrinsic interest, showing as it regularly does the unusual symptoms of echolalia, echopraxia, and automatic obedience, but also to its remarkable geographical distribution. This illness was described by travellers to the Malay Archipelago in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but very similar reactions were later found to exist in other lands, known to the native peoples by other names. The term “Latah,” however, is the best known, and as the common features between these various reactions became apparent, it has been used as an inclusive name for them all. It is to-day employed with much the same connotation in the French, Dutch, Italian, and English literature, but the discussion of its nature betrays inadequate understanding, attempts at its nosological classification remain unsatisfactory, and speculations as to its aetology continue to be somewhat fanciful.

Gibberella zeae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Water Droplets ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Gibberella zeae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wheat, maize, barley, carnations and other ornamentals; also reported infecting Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium and Solanum DISEASE: Seedling blight, pre-emergence and post-emergence blight, root and foot rot, brown rot, culm decay, head or kernel blight (scab or ear scab) of wheat, maize, barley and other cereals. Leaf and flower rot of carnations and other ornamentals. Also reported infecting species of Lycopersicon, Pisum, Trifolium and Solanum. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide on maize and rice in the tropics. Wheat, oats, barley and rye in temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: By planting infected or infested seeds or by planting in infested soil. Secondary infection occurs widely by water droplets under moist conditions or by ascospore discharge.

Podosphaera clandestina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Khairi
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Terminal Buds

Abstract A description is provided for Podosphaera clandestina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Crataegus monogyna, C. pentagyna, C. punctata, Mespilus germanica, Cratoegomespilus grandiflora, C. dardari, Pyrus communis, Cydonia vulgaris, Pyrocydonia winkleri and P. danieli. DISEASE: Hawthorn mildew. Severe attacks cause defoliation and death of terminal buds on young seedlings and on soft shoots on hedges and trees. The disease has been recorded on hawthorn fruits. The host plant can be grown only from seeds. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide (Salmon, 1900; 45, 3081). Cleistothecia play no part in the disease in England. The overwintering mycelium, inside infected buds, survives until the following spring. These infected buds are the primary infections found each year. Secondary infection is by air-borne conidia.

Venturia pirina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Black Spot ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Venturia Pirina ◽  
Young Growth

Abstract A description is provided for Venturia pirina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally on pear (Pyrus communis) and other Pyrus spp., also recorded from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) (Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Causes scab or black spot of pear, which results in loss of quantity and quality of fruit. The disease attacks shoots, buds, leaves and fruit, symptoms and aetiology being very similar to those of apple scab caused by V. inaequalis on Malus spp. (CMI Descript. 401). Dark, more or less circular scabs are produced on leaves and fruit, often with some growth distortion. Infection of young wood is more common than with apple scab and causes pale brown blister-like lesions which burst to release conidia in the following year. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide in temperate and subtropical regions wherever pears are grown (see CMI Map 367, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Epidemiology is similar to that of apple scab. The overwintering saprophytic perithecial stage on leaf litter releases airborne ascospores in spring which infect young growth, and secondary infection by conidia dispersed during wet summer weather also occurs. Overwintering lesions on young wood are more frequent than with apple scab and conidia produced by these in the spring can be an important source of primary infection (46, 2061; 47, 849).

Polysynthesis and Head Marking

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Pacific Rim ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Distinctive Property

Polysynthetic languages are mostly head-marking. But the great majority of polysynthetic languages come from what I will call the Greater Pacific Rim (GPR) population, where the head-marking type is extremely common compared to the rest of the world. Is head marking a genuine distinctive property of polysynthetic languages, or a conspicuous accident of geography that is equally common in non-polysynthetic languages of the GPR? A typological survey shows that polysynthesis entails open head marking: either verbal slots and/or their fillers are not a closed set. Polysynthesis is conditioned by grammar (head marking), not geography. It is an inevitable development in a population of mostly head-marking languages, but the geographical distribution of head marking is the result of historical contingency.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document