Xanthomonas ampelina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Considerable Spread

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas ampelina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of the grapevine, 'Tsilik marasi' in Greece; 'Maladie d'Oleron' in France, 'Vlamsiekte' in South Africa. In early spring, buds on infected spurs fail to open or make stunted growth which eventually dies. Affected spurs often appear slightly swollen because of hyperplasia of the cambial tissue. Cracks appear along such spurs, become deeper and longer, forming cankers. Young shoots may develop pale yellowish-green spots on the lowest internodes. These expand upwards on the shoot, darken, crack and develop into cankers. Cracks and, later, cankers also form on more woody branches later in spring. In summer, cankers are often seen on the sides of petioles, causing a characteristic one-sided necrosis of the leaf. They may also appear on main and secondary flower and fruit stalks. Leaf spots and marginal necrosis occur sometimes. Gum formation is not necessarily a symptom. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Greece, France and South Africa (51, 551). The symptoms have been reported from other countries and attributed to Erwinia vitivora, which is now thought to be synonymous with E. herbicola (CMI Descript. 232). Such reports have come from Italy, Sicily, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austria, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Canary Islands and Argentina (31, 105; Du Plessis, 1940; Panagopoulos, 1969). Many of these records are almost certainly of X. ampelina. TRANSMISSION: Most information is based on observational data rather than on experiments. Bacteria overwinter in the vines, emerge, probably in spring and are carried to healthy shoots, most probably in wind and rain. Wounds may facilitate entry but are not needed for primary infection. Considerable spread can occur in propagating material, by grafting and by pruning knives. More knowledge should be gained now that the true pathogen is known.

Xylophilus ampelinus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Xylophilus Ampelinus

Abstract A description is provided for Xylophilus ampelinus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Vitis vinifera. DISEASE: Bacterial blight of the grapevine; 'Tsilik marasi' in Greece; 'Maladie d'Oleron' in France; 'Mel nero' in Italy; 'Vlamsiekte' in South Africa. In early spring buds on infected spurs fail to open or make stunted growth which eventually dies. Affected spurs often appear slightly swollen because of hyperplasia of the cambial tissue. Cracks appear along such spurs and enlarge to form cankers. Young shoots may develop pale yellowish-green spots on the lowest internodes. These expand upwards on the shoot, darken, crack and develop into cankers. Cracks and later cankers also form on more woody branches later in spring. In summer, cankers are often seen on the sides of petioles causing a characteristic one-sided necrosis of the leaf. They may also appear on main and secondary flower and fruit stalks. Leaf spots and marginal necrosis sometimes occur. Gum formation is not necessarily a symptom. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa, France, Greece (including Crete), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Spain, Turkey (68, 367). (IMI Distribution Map 531, ed 2, 1986). TRANSMISSION: Bacteria are carried by moisture to wounds, leaf scars and other sites where infection may take place. Primary infection can take place without wounding. Grafting and pruning can cause much spread of the disease. Overhead irrigation contributes to spread and development (51, 551). Observations indicate that sources of infection survive in vines even after removal of visibly infected parts.

Cercostigmina protearum var. protearum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Brown Leaf

Abstract A description is provided for Cercostigmina protearum var. protearum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Causing round or sometimes irregular, pale brown or greyish-brown leaf spots 5-17 mm diameter. HOSTS: Leucospermum conocarpum, Protea. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa.

Chaetomium strumarium. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Abstract C. strumarium is described and illustrated. Information on diseases caused by C. strumarium, host range (field and horticultural crops, trees, dung, man and artefacts), geographical distribution (Algeria, Canary Islands, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, USA, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Western Australia, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Cyprus, Israel, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia), and transmission is provided.

Asperisporium vitiphyllum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
Stavropol Krai

Abstract A description is provided for Asperisporium vitiphyllum, a colonizer of living leaves, causing a leaf spot or brown leaf blotch and leaf drying. Some information on its habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Morocco and South Africa), Asia (Armenia, China, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan (Almaty oblast), Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), Europe (Moldova, Russia (Krasnodar krai, Leningradskaya oblast, Stavropol krai) and Ukraine)) and hosts (including Vitis vinifera).

Diplocarpon earliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Diplocarpon earliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Fragaria. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.

Xylophilus ampelinus. [Distribution map].

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Xylophilus Ampelinus ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xylophilus ampelinus (Panagopoulos) Willems et al. Betaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales: Comamonadaceae. Host: grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (South Africa), Asia (Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu), Europe (France, Greece, Crete, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Russia, Slovenia, Spain).

Cochliobolus miyabeanus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Cochliobolus Miyabeanus

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus miyabeanus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa and other species of Oryza. DISEASE: Brown spot and seedling blight of rice. Oval leaf spots up to 1 cm long, at first usually brown, sometimes purplish, later forming white to grey centres, spots may coalesce and leaves wither. Glumes may be spotted, becoming velvety with sporulation. Infected seed is shrivelled and discoloured; coleoptiles bear lesions which can also occur on the roots of seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 92, ed. 3, 1966). Records not yet mapped: Angola, Cambodia, Chad, France (S.), French Polynesia, Hong Kong, Laos, Malawi, Nepal, Rhodesia. TRANSMISSION: Seed infection is important (mycelium remaining viable for up to 3 yr) and is probably responsible for most of the primary infection in young crops (9: 556; 34: 104). Grain is directly attacked and kernels in the flowering and milk stages are more susceptible than those in the soft dough and mature stages (45, 2834; 46, 317). Conidia are air-dispersed showing a diurnal periodicity with a max. in the late afternoon (43, 1017; 48, 3486).

Prays citri. [Distribution map].

1982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Prays Citri ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Prays citri (Mill.) (Lepid., Yponomeutidae) (Citrus Flower Moth). Host Plant: Citrus. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Corsica, Dodecanese Islands, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, ASIA, Cyprus, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey, AFRICA, Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Libya, Madeira, Mauritius, Morocco, Seychelles, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Corylus Avellana ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Water Splash ◽  
Wet Weather ◽  
Stem Cankers ◽  
Sea Area

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Corylus avellana, C. maxima and C. rostrata (syn. C. californica). On inoculation C. colurna is also infected. DISEASE: Bacterial blight or bacteriosis of filbert or hazel nut trees. Leaf spots, bud and twig necroses and stem cankers are produced. The cankers may girdle branches or even trunks of young trees and cause death above. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Turkey (Black Sea area 54, 578), Australia (Vict. 60, 6677), England (59, 3913), France (56, 86), Italy (64, 4520), Yugoslavia (37: 125), USA (OR, WA), Chile (culture received at CMI), and apparently USSR (58, 4044). TRANSMISSION: Bacteria overwinter in cankers on branches and in buds, and spread to other parts of the tree in wet weather. Limited spread from tree to tree takes place by water splash. Man is an important vector especially during pruning activities on young trees. He is also responsible for the introduction of the disease into new areas.

Eutypa armeniacae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Carter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Abscission Layer ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Eutypa armeniacae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: As a pathogen on apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Ceanothus spp. As a saprophyte on apricot (Prunus armeniaca), almond (Prunus amygdalus[Prunus dulcis]), apple (Malus sylvestris, walnut (Juglans regia), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), Ceanothus spp. and Berberis darwinii. DISEASE: 'Gummosis' or 'dieback' of apricots in Australia (Adam et al., 1952). 'Cytosporina dieback' of apricots in California (42, 474). A contributing factor to the syndrome known as 'apricot apoplexy' in various European countries (Carter, private communications). Dieback of Ceanothus spp. in Australia and California (Moller et al., 1971). The dieback disease of apricots is also known to be associated with this pathogen in New Zealand (40, 88) and South Africa (Price, 1973). On apricot, the classical symptoms occur on trees of all ages: cankering, sometimes associated with exudation of gum, in the vicinity of wounds which expose the sapwood, most commonly those made by pruning instruments. Ultimately the leaves on the part of the branch distal to the canker wither and die, usually in mid- to late summer, typically remaining attached for many months because no abscission layer has formed. Internally, the sapwood is discoloured light brown to dark brown, with a dffluse margin. Pycnidia may appear, usually in winter, on wood and bark nearby advanced infections. The pycnidiospores have never been seen to germinate and appear to have no role in transmission of the pathogen. Perithecia are immersed in a stroma which may develop two or more years after death of a branch. The stroma may remain productive for at least six years, producing one generation of perithecia annually, maturing in early spring. In California and in South Africa, external canker symptoms were for many years confused with those caused by bacteria or the genus Pseudomonas, but the internal symptoms are usually quite distinctive and the presence of E. armeniacae has been confirmed by culturing and by serology. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, New Zealand, North America (California), Europe (France, Spain, Switzerland), South Africa. Absent from Chile in a disease survey conducted by English et al. (1967). Absence of records from the Asian continent are attributed to lack of information. TRANSMISSION: Entirely by air-borne ascospores; secondary dispersal from the tree surfaces is by water-splash and run during rainfall, carrying ascospores to the vessels exposed at wounds (45, 511).

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