Abstract
A description is provided for Acidovorax avenae subsp. avenae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Agropyron intermedium, A. trichophorum, Avena sativa, Bromus catharticus, B. marginatus, Camellia sinensis (may form a complex with Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae: 68, 955), Caryota mitis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Eleusine coracana, Euchlaena mexicana, Oryza sativa, Panicum hirsutum, P. miliaceum, Paspalum nutans, P. paniculatum, P. urvillei, Pennisetum americanum, Saccharum officinarum, Setaria italica, S. lutescens, S. viridis, Sorghum bicolor and Zea mays. DISEASE: Bacterial leaf blight of maize and sorghum, brown stripe of rice and red stripe of sugarcane. Symptoms in general consist of leaf streaks and stripes, which may extend into the sheaths. Occasionally a stalk rot develops. Symptoms are more severe on seedlings and immature plants. Discolouration of seeds can occur on rice. In fishtail palm (Caryota mitis), lesions are mainly at the leaf margin and brown/black with a chlorotic halo (Miller, 1992). In most cases conditions of high temperature and high relative humidity favour symptom development. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Comoro Is., Egypt, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Burma, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Nepal, Okinawa, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Fiji, Guam, Papua New Guinea, Tahiti, Italy, Portugal, Turkey, Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, MT, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas & Virginia), Barbados, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Trinidad, Argentina, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Surinam, Uruguay, Venezuela (CMI Map 511 ed. 1, 1976 & CMI Map 39 ed. 5, 1987). TRANSMISSION: The disease is largely thought to be seed borne. In rice, the bacterium is located between the glumes and the pericarp, or deeper in the seed (Shakya et al., 1986). There is evidence to suggest that mature plants which survive infection in the seedling stage harbour latent infections. The bacterium can be found in 8-yr old rice seed samples stored at 5°C (Shakya et al., 1985). The bacterium is not thought to survive well in soil or in plant debris. Alternative hosts such as Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass) in Florida, USA have been noted as an inoculum reservoir in bacterial leaf blight of maize outbreaks (Shurtleff, 1973; 57, 4929).
Synanthropic triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil: geographical distribution and natural Trypanosoma infection rates between 2006 and 2007