Gloeocercospora sorghi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Vetiveria Zizanioides ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Agrostis Canina

Abstract A description is provided for Gloeocercospora sorghi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Sorghum vulgare[Sorghum bicolor]; besides the main host it has been reported from Agrostis canina (bent grass), Agrostis palustris, Agrostis tenuis, Cynodon dactylon, Pennisetum glaucum, Pennisetum purpureum, Pennisetum typhoides, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum halapensis, Sorghum sudanense, Vetiveria zizanioides, Zea mays. DISEASE: Zonate leaf spot was first reported from Sorghum vulgare[Sorghum bicolor] in 1943 from Louisiana; on turf grasses it is known as copper spot. On sorghum the initial lesions are red-brown, water-soaked and sometimes with a narrow, pale green halo. The lesions enlarge, become dark-red (on some vars. dark brown) and elongate parallel to the veins. Possibly by coalescence, semi-circular, irregular lesions (several cm diam.) are formed. Smaller spots have a light brown centre surrounded by a reddish border, but larger ones may have alternate light and dark zones, and the whole leaf can be covered. Often younger, red lesions are so numerous as to form red blotches. The pinkish, gelatinous, conidial fructifications (over the stomata) are easily visible. Spherical sclerotia (0.1-0.2 mm diam.) form within the tissue, in a somewhat linear fashion. On bent grass small, irregular, copper tinted spots become coalescent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical Africa, also in south west USA, parts of C. & S. America, India, Japan and N.E. Australia, (CMI Map 339, ed. 2, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Probably soil-borne in crop residue and also seed-borne (29: 556). Infected seed may have caused an outbreak in Venezuela (29: 97).

Cytospora sacchari. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1983 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Sheath Rot ◽  
Water Borne

Abstract A description is provided for Cytospora sacchari. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mostly on sheaths, also on cuttings, young shoots, stems and stubble of Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum and Holcus sorghum (Sorghum vulgare[Sorghum bicolor]). DISEASE: Sheath rot of sugarcane (Cytospora rot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with sugarcane but reported on Holcus sorghum (Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by water borne conidia.

Aphelenchoides arachidis. [Distribution map].

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Aphelenchoides arachidis Bos Nematoda: Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae Hosts: Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea); also maize (Zea mays), Sorghum bicolor, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and rice (Oryza sativa). Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Nigeria.

Peronosclerospora spontanea. [Distribution map].

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Saccharum Spontaneum ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Peronosclerospora spontanea (W. Weston) C.G. Shaw. Fungi: Oomycota: Peronosporales. Hosts: sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), maize (Zea mays), giant Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus japonicus), wild sugarcane (Saccharum spontaneum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and teosinte (Zea mexicana). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (the Philippines, Thailand).

Sphacelotheca cruenta. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Ainsworth
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Soil Transmission ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
Smut Spores ◽  
Forage Value

Abstract A description is provided for Sphacelotheca cruenta. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Sorghum bicolor (S. vulgare) (sorghum), S. sudanense (Sudan grass), S. halepense (lohnson grass), and other Sorghum spp., and (in India, fide Chona & Munjal; 31: 400) Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane). DISEASE: Loose smut of sorghum. In addition to the grain being replaced by smut spores the plants are markedly stunted and their forage value reduced while infected heads are looser, bushier and darker green than healthy ones due to hypertrophy of the glumes; for further details see Tarr, 1962. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, N., C. and S. America; see CMI Map 408, 1965. TRANSMISSION: Infection of the seedlings occurs from seed contaminated with spores (Noble et al, An annotated list of seed-borne diseases, 1958, p. 66). Spores remain viable for four years in the laboratory but as they germinate readily in water soil transmission is unimportant. Spread within the crop by floral infection by air-borne spores has been observed.

Pythium graminicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
British Honduras ◽  
Setaria Glauca ◽  
Collar And Root Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Agropyron cristatum, Avena saliva, Bromus inermis, Hordeum vulgare, Oryza saliva, Panicum miliaceum, Phleum pratense, Saccharum officinarum, Secale cereale, Setaria glauca, Sorghum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays. DISEASE: Seedling blight, collar and root rot of wheat, maize, sugar-cane, and other Gramineae. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius, South Africa, Sudan); Asia (Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Malaya, Philippines, Taiwan); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, Hawaii); Europe (England, France, Italy); North America (Canada, Mexico, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (British Honduras, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Salvador); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 296) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Most prevalent at depth of 3-6 in. and infrequent at 27-30 in. (38: 396), surviving in soil as oospores whose germination is stimulated by contact with growing roots of gramineous plants. Host roots may thus be used as traps for isolating the pathogen from the soil (37: 649; 41: 583).

Periconia circinata. [Distribution map].

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Periconia Circinata ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Periconia circinata (Mangin) Sacc. Hosts: Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare[Sorghum bicolor]) etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa, South Africa, Australasia & Oceania, Australia, Queensland, North America, USA, California, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, TX.

Drechslera sacchari. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Lemon Grass ◽  
Axis Parallel ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Drechslera sacchari[Bipolaris sacchari]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Saccharum officinarum and also reported causing diseases in Pennisetum purpureum (Napier or elephant grass) and Cymbopogon citratus[Cymbopogon nardus] (lemon grass). DISEASE: Eye spot and seedling blight of sugarcane. Small reddish spots, surrounded by a straw-coloured halo, develop on the leaves; conspicuous on young leaves, becoming 5-12 × 3-6 mm, longer axis parallel to the main veins, coalescing. These spots may develop long chlorotic streaks running towards the leaf tip, 60-90 cm long and possibly due to toxin production. Germinating seed may be killed 12-14 days from sowing and severely attacked young plants show a top rot. On lemon grass the leaf spots have pale centres with a dark purple border, 4-10 × 1.5-2 mm (20: 229). Older leaves of Napier grass are attacked most, severe outbreaks causing death (17: 753; 21: 258). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 349, 2nd ed. 1968). Additional records not yet mapped: Cambodia, French Guiana, Panama, Salvador and Senegal. TRANSMISSION: Presumably through air-dispersed conidia; seed-borne infection also occurs (36: 350).

Sclerospora graminicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kenneth
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Sclerospora Graminicola ◽  
Pennisetum Typhoides ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Africa South Of Sahara

Abstract A description is provided for Sclerospora graminicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pennisetum typhoides, Setaria italica, S. viridis (type), and other hosts: (?) Agrostis alba, Echinochloa crusgalli, E. crusgalli var. frumentacea, (?) Eleusine indica, Euchlaena mexicana, Panicum miliaceum, Pennisetum leonis, Saccharum officinarum (inoculation), Setaria lutescens, S. mugna, S. verticillata, Zea mays (particularly 'popcorn' but rare in general on maize). Green ear disease of Pennisetum typhoides[Pennisetum glaucum]. DISEASE: 'Graminicola downy mildew' of Gramineae. Symptoms vary according to host, time of their expression and ambient conditions. The disease is entirely systemic in pearl millet, most Setaria spp. and maize, with pallid continuous laciniate areas or stripes on leaf blades, starting at base of any leaf, being latent in plant before that and becoming more extensive on successive leaves; eventually oospores appear in chlorotic areas and leaves of Setaria, but not pearl millet or maize, shred. If symptoms start early, plants are severely stunted and chlorotic and may die: if symptoms are delayed, dwarfing may yet occur; some shoots may escape disease. White down (sporulation) appears on chlorotic areas before dawn if dews occur at night; sporangia are actively ejected and germinate immediately, producing zoospores, or else die within a few hours. Sporangiophores collapse. On maize there is a closed system of stripes on thickened, corrugated, brittle leaves. Tillering is excessive: the spike of pearl millet and occasionally the inflorescences of Setaria spp. and maize may be transformed into leafy growth ('green ear') with oospores within, sometimes with no other symptoms present. In S. magna and S. verticillata, linear chlorotic local lesions form and in S. italica occasionally spot-like lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Widespread (CMI Map 431, ed. 1, 1967; with additions and deletions here). Africa: all West Africa south of Sahara; Niger, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Rhodesia, South Africa (all on pearl millet). Asia: Israel (on pearl millet, rarely maize), Iran (on Setaria glauca[Setaria pumila]) Pakistan, Khazakstan (on pearl millet), India (on pearl millet and Setaria spp.), northern China, Manchuria, Korea, Taiwan, Japan (on Setaria spp.). Europe: Spain, Southern France, Switzerland, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Rumania, southern Russia, Ukraine, Caucasus (all principally or entirely on Setaria spp.). N. America midwestern and eastern USA, midwestern Canada and Ontario (on Setaria spp., rarely maize and Panicum). Oceania: Hawaii. The record on maize in Bulgaria and Argenlina as well as that on 'grass plots' with Ophiobolus in the Netherlands can undoubtedly be referred to Sclerophthora macrospora. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection is by oospores in soil, which may remain viable a number of years. Transmission by mycelial-infected seed reported (53, 2547) but most seed-borne infection is by oospore infestation. Oospores are still infective after passage through digestive system of cattle. Optimum temp, for infection of Setaria, 20-21°C, min. 12-13°C, max. 30°C. Optimum for sporangium production 25°C, min. c. 10°C (35, 602). Although zoospores from sporangia germinate, they have not been shown to induce infection under natural conditions (45, 3567; Safeeulla, 1970), except for local lesioning in a few species of Setaria, and the disease can be very severe in absence of high humidity and sporulation.

Clavibacter XYLI subsp. XYLI. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Planting Material

Abstract A description is provided for Clavibacter XYLI subsp. XYLI. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Saccharum officinarum, where it is restricted to the xylem. It produces a characteristic wilting when inoculated into sorghum-Sudan grass hybrid NB280S (61, 5933); also able to multiply in the xylem of various grasses and cereals, including Brachiaria mutica, B. miliiformis, Chloris gayana, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colonum, Imperata cylindrica, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Rhynchelytrum repens, Sorghum bicolor, S. halepense, S. sudanense, S. verticilliporum, Sporobolus capensis and Zea mays when artificially inoculated, but although it can be transmitted back to sugar cane to produce the disease, it does not produce symptoms in these plants (Gillespie & Teakle, 1989). DISEASE: Ratoon stunting disease (RSD) of sugar cane. The cane makes slower than normal growth and is generally unthrifty. Canes are thinner with shorter internodes than normal and ratoon or stubble crops are particularly affected. Internally, reddish vascular bundles may be seen, especially at the nodes, or in immature cane, the interior of the nodes may be generally a faint pink. Such symptoms are, however, not particularly reliable for diagnosis, as they can result from stress caused by other factors. To confirm the disease it is probably best to observe the bacterium in the vessels by light or electron microscopy, use a serological method or both. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widespread due to transmission in planting material. Records include: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Reunion, South Africa (Natal), Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Burma, China, India (Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Java), Japan, Malaysia (W.), Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Australia (NSW, Qd), Fiji, Hawaii, Spain, Mexico, USA (Florida, LA), Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Nevis, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, El Salvador, St. Kitts, Trinidad, Argentina, Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela (IMI Distribution Map 318, ed. 4, 1982; 63, 2478; 64, 2151; 66, 2051; 69, 5165; ISSCT List 1983). TRANSMISSION: To new areas in vegetative planting material and within the crop by mechanical means such as cutting knives and mechanical harvesters. Rats may also spread the disease.

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