Ustilaginoidea virens. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽  
Male Inflorescence ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
False Smut ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Short Time

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilaginoidea virens. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Oryza sativa and Zea mays. DISEASE: False smut of rice appears as olive-green, velvety, globose masses, up to 1 cm diam. in some of the ears of the inflorescence. The spore ball, beneath the dark layer of mature spores, is orange-yellow, paling inwards until it is almost white, as it ages it becomes almost black. The glumes are closely applied to the lower part of the spore ball which is at first covered with a membrane. Infection, producing similar symptoms, has been reported on the male inflorescence of Zea mays (8: 716) and on wild species of Oryza. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics, in U.S.A. (California and S.E. states) and in Italy (CMI Map 347, ed. 2, 1968). Records not yet mapped are Australia (NT), Costa Rica, Dominican Republic and Laos. TRANSMISSION: There appears to be no evidence for seed transmission and the conidia are probably viable for a short time only. The air-borne conidia have a diurnal periodicity with peak at 22.00 hr, numbers being very low between 04.00 and 16.00 hr (46, 316). The ascospores of the reported perfect state may also be air-dispersed.

Diplocarpon earliana. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Splash Dispersal ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Diplocarpon earliana. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Fragaria. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.

Khuskia oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sivanesan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Diurnal Periodicity ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Khuskia oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, especially on monocotyledons and particularly on Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays and Musa spp. DISEASE: Causes cob and stalk rot of maize (11: 711; 12: 20; 13: 299, 571; 43, 3205; 44, 2123) and on sorghum as stem and grain infection (43, 727); it is common on banana debris in the western hemisphere and can cause discolouration in rice irain. On maize, symptoms develop towards maturity mostly on the shanks, husks and ears but also on the stems and stalks, where blackish, shallow lesions can occur. Ears may snap off at harvest; the cob becomes shredded and rotten through disintegration of the parenchyma, sparse mycelium and sporulation develop in the furrows between kernels and on the seed itself. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, principally as a member of the saprophytic flora on plant debris in warmer areas. TRANSMISSION: Infection of seed reduces its quality rather than causing the fungus to be really seed-borne. A diurnal periodicity has been reported for Nigrospora sphaerica and K. oryzae, with a peak at 0800-1000 hr, in the tropics (35: 383; 41: 242). Violent spore discharge, a rare phenomenon in the hyphomycetes, has been described for N. sphaerica (31: 56).

Cochliobolus heterostrophus. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Cochliobolus Heterostrophus ◽  
Sorghum Vulgare ◽  
Main Host ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Diffuse Lesion

Abstract A description is provided for Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Generally on leaves of Zea mays, the main host, Euchlaena mexicana, Sorghum vulgare and many species of Gramineae (41: 40; 45, 3084; 48, 414; 50, 2257i). During an epidemic in USA caused by race T in 1970 no important hosts apart from Z. mays were noted (50, 2257b). DISEASE: Southern leaf blight of maize, forming very numerous lesions up to 2.5 cm long, mostly on the leaves. They are at first elliptical, then longitudinally elongate, becoming rectangular as restriction by the veins occurs; cinnamon-buff (sometimes with a purplish tint) with a reddish-brown margin and occasionally zonate, coalescing and becoming greyish with conidia. Symptoms caused by race T show a less well defined, somewhat diffuse lesion, with marginal chlorosis leading to leaf collapse, and all parts of the plant can be attacked. Perithecia have been recently reported in the field at the junction of leaf sheath and blade (50, 2257j). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in the tropics and subtropics (CMI Map 346, ed. 3, 1969) but not reported from Australia. Records not yet mapped are: Brunei, Guatemala, Hawaii, Israel, Laos, Mexico, Salvador and Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air-dispersed but no detailed studies seem to have been reported. During the recent USA outbreak the disease spread from Florida to Maine in c. 6 months (50, 2257c). Spread by seed occurs (50, 3690, 3692; Crosier & Boothroyd, Phytopathology 61: 427, 747).

Xanthomonas axonopodis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Xanthomonas Axonopodis ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Tropical America ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Short Time

Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas axonopodis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Axonopus scoparius, A. micay, A. compressus and A. affinis. Also able to infect by inoculation Digitaria decumbens, Hypharrhenia rufa, Panicum sp. (Guinea grass) and Saccharum officinarum (54, 5464). DISEASE: Gummosis of Imperial and Micay grasses, important pasture grasses in tropical America. Diseased stems usually stand out from healthy ones in the same tuft by their elongated, partly bare appearance with a few pale, yellowish leaves at their ends, giving a characteristic flag-like appearance. Closer examination shows many diseased leaves with pale stripes running parallel to the main veins. After cutting diseased Imperial grass the new shoots are feeble and twisted, and often wither in a short time. Subsequent shoots behave in the same way. In severe attacks of whole tuft may shrivel and die. Such tufts are very easily pulled from the soil. When diseased stems are cut across, especially in the rainy season, minute droplets of yellowish bacterial ooze appear in a short time. In longitudinal cuts the vascular bundles are seen to be stained reddish or brownish, especially near the nodes. Masses of bacteria and mucilage are found in vessels when examined under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Mainly by machete and other agricultural implements. Cattle can infect young shoots when grazing, evidently transmitting the bacteria in their saliva. Trampling by cattle and man and the passage of wheeled vehicles can also transmit the disease, and rain splash can carry infection from the exudate of recently cut stems. Insect transmission is not thought to be important and the bacteria do not survive free in the soil (46, 666). Seed transmission is also thought to occur (43, 2799c).

Didymella lycopersici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Holliday
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Soil Level ◽  
Stem And Fruit Rot

Abstract A description is provided for Didymella lycopersici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Lycopersicon esculentum. DISEASE: Stem and fruit rot of tomato. A girdling canker, dark brown and sunken, develops at, or just above, soil level. Secondary cankers may later develop higher up the stem. The plant collapses and dies. The soft, outer diseased tissues contain numerous pycnidia and in damp conditions conidia are extruded in slimy pink masses. The perfect state is rarely found (24: 78; 35: 349). Infection can occur on roots, leaves and flowers. Fruit is also attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 324, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Infection arises via conidia from infected organic material in the soil, usually host debris or composting waste. This is probably the main source of infection (36: 138) and the pathogen overwinters readily in such debris. Air dispersal by ascospores appears less important than splash and soil dispersal by conidia (39: 626). Seed transmission is considered less important. Hyphae and pycnidia are found within the hairy seed coat (9: 70; 24: 480; 34: 554; 40: 386). More seed transmission occurs in Jan. sowings than in Mar. and Apr. (41: 546). Conidia do not survive more than 9 months on the surface of seed (36: 138).

Puccinia sorghi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. Laundon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
Puccinia Polysora ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract A description is provided for Puccinia sorghi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on some 30 species of Oxalis including O. corniculata (some of these by artificial inoculation only). Uredia and telia on Euchlaena mexicana, E. perennis and Zea mays. DISEASE: Rust of maize causing chlorosis and death of leaves and leaf sheaths. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The aecial infection is limited in distribution to temperate regions in Europe, the United States of America, Mexico and South Africa, with one record from Nepal (C.P. News 7: 59, 1961). The uredial and telial stages are practically co-extensive with the distribution of their hosts (CMI Map 279). In the tropics it is less common than Puccinia polysora below 4, 000 feet. TRANSMISSION: By air (Phytopathology 47: 101-7), by seed (Reyes, Philippine J. Agric. 18: 115-128; 1953) and probably also by infected or contaminated material.

scholarly journals A novel transcription factor UvCGBP1 regulates development and virulence of rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens

Virulence ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1563-1579
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Chen ◽  
Pingping Li ◽  
Hao Liu ◽  
Xiaolin Chen ◽  
Junbin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Smut Fungus ◽  
Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽  
Rice False Smut ◽  
False Smut

scholarly journals Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Function of the Putative Ester Cyclase UvEC1 in the Pathogenicity of the Rice False Smut Fungus Ustilaginoidea virens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4069
Author(s):  
Xiaoyang Chen ◽  
Zhangxin Pei ◽  
Pingping Li ◽  
Xiabing Li ◽  
Yuhang Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Proteomics ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Ustilaginoidea Virens ◽  
Rice False Smut ◽  
Oxidative Stresses ◽  
Tandem Mass Tag ◽  
Cyclase Domain ◽  
False Smut

Rice false smut is a fungal disease distributed worldwide and caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. In this study, we identified a putative ester cyclase (named as UvEC1) as being significantly upregulated during U. virens infection. UvEC1 contained a SnoaL-like polyketide cyclase domain, but the functions of ketone cyclases such as SnoaL in plant fungal pathogens remain unclear. Deletion of UvEC1 caused defects in vegetative growth and conidiation. UvEC1 was also required for response to hyperosmotic and oxidative stresses and for maintenance of cell wall integrity. Importantly, ΔUvEC1 mutants exhibited reduced virulence. We performed a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis to identify differentially accumulating proteins (DAPs) between the ΔUvEC1-1 mutant and the wild-type isolate HWD-2. Proteomics data revealed that UvEC1 has a variety of effects on metabolism, protein localization, catalytic activity, binding, toxin biosynthesis and the spliceosome. Taken together, our findings suggest that UvEC1 is critical for the development and virulence of U. virens.

Spiroplasma kunkelii. [Distribution map].

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Spiroplasma Kunkelii ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spiroplasma kunkelii Whitcomb, Chen et al. Bacteria. Hosts: maize (Zea mays), sweetcorn (Zea mays subsp. mays), teosinte (Zea mexicana) and perennial teosinte (Zea perennis). Information is given on the geographical distribution in North America (Mexico, USA, California, Florida, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Ohio, Texas), Central America and Caribbean (Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela).

Sclerospora philippinensis. [Distribution map].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Sclerospora philippinensis[Peronosclerospora philippinensis] Weston. Hosts: Maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, India (Maharastra, Bihar), Indonesia (Celebs), Pakistan, Philippines.

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