Botrytis allii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Neck Region ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Leaf Blast ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
Botrytis Allii

Abstract A description is provided for Botrytis allii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Various species of Allium. DISEASE: Causes grey mould neck rot of onion bulbs in storage and is associated with a leaf blast of seedlings. Scales in the neck region of diseased bulbs shrivel as a brown soft rot develops. As the rotting zone spreads down into the bulb a grey mass of spores and mycelia develops beneath the shrivelled dead scales. A similar rot may also start at the sides or base of bulbs. Botrytis allii may also cause or aggravate leaf blast or damping-off of young seedlings in which other species of Botrytis are involved and may attack flowers (45, 1594). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America, N. and E. Africa, Australia, S.E. Asia (CMI Map 169, ed. 2, 1966). Additional countries since include many in S.E. Asia and Middle East (S. Vietnam, Korea, Taiwan, Nepal, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Rumania) N. Africa (Morocco), Central and South America (Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Chile). TRANSMISSION: Mostly by air-borne conidia, which are produced from diseased bulbs and leaves from infected plant debris and sclerotia. These inoculum sources are largely soil-borne, and seed transmission also occurs (Noble & Richardson, Phytopathological Paper 8, 1968).

Pythium butleri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Citrullus Vulgaris ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Ginger Rhizome

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium butleri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Capsicum annuum, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis pepo, Lycopersicon esculentum, Nicotiana tabacum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ricinus communis (on inoculation), Zingiber officinalis. DISEASES: Foot rot of papaw; soft rot of ginger rhizome; damping-off of tobacco, tomato and chill); cottony rot of cucurbits (plants and fruits) and stem and pod rot of string-bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Equatorial and West); Asia (India) and North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but may be propagated in diseased planting material in the case of ginger rhizomes.

Pythium myriotylum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1966 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Pythium Myriotylum

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium myriotylum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On Ananas comosus, Arachis hypogaea, Carica papaya, Citrullus vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sativa, Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Robinia pseudoacacia, Solanum melongena, Zingiber officinale. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings including tobacco, black locust and watermelon; seedling root rot of lucerne, papaw and tomato; soft rot of ginger rhizomes and fruit rot of watermelon, cucumber and eggplant. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common only in warm climates: Africa (Madagascar, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa); Asia (Ceylon, India, Sumatra); Australasia (Australia); North America (U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne. Incidence reported highest in virgin soil containing abundant decomposing organic matter (37: 244). Spread by aerial mycelium under conditions of high humidity (10: 210). Transport over long distances on ginger rhizomes has been reported (22: 197).

Fusarium flocciferum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brayford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Skin Infections ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Root Tuber ◽  
Cultivated Mushroom

Abstract A description is provided for Fusarium flocciferum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Isolated from soil. Also occurs on the roots of a wide range of plants, including temperate cereals (Hordeum, Triticum), legumes (Lupinus, Pisum, Vicia), cucurbits (Cucumis sativus), and others such as carrot (Daucus carota) and beet (Beta vulgaris); sometimes occurs in association with nematodes. DISEASE: Not regarded as an aggressive pathogen, but in association with nematodes may cause root lesions, damping-off, root, tuber or bulb rots. Reported to cause disorders of cultivated mushroom beds. Occasionally causes skin infections of animals (one IMI record from crocodile's tail). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread but infrequent, apparently more common in temperate regions. Reported from Asia: Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Turkey; Australasia: New Zealand; Europe: Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands, Poland, Turkey (W), UK; North America: Canada, USA. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be transported by movement of soil or infected plant debris. It may also be seed-borne (71, 1568).

scholarly journals Biosensors Used for Epifluorescence and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopies to Study Dickeya and Pectobacterium Virulence and Biocontrol

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Yvann Bourigault ◽  
Andrea Chane ◽  
Corinne Barbey ◽  
Sylwia Jafra ◽  
Robert Czajkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Reporter System ◽  
Cell Wall Lysis

Promoter-probe vectors carrying fluorescent protein-reporter genes are powerful tools used to study microbial ecology, epidemiology, and etiology. In addition, they provide direct visual evidence of molecular interactions related to cell physiology and metabolism. Knowledge and advances carried out thanks to the construction of soft-rot Pectobacteriaceae biosensors, often inoculated in potato Solanum tuberosum, are discussed in this review. Under epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopies, Dickeya and Pectobacterium-tagged strains managed to monitor in situ bacterial viability, microcolony and biofilm formation, and colonization of infected plant organs, as well as disease symptoms, such as cell-wall lysis and their suppression by biocontrol antagonists. The use of dual-colored reporters encoding the first fluorophore expressed from a constitutive promoter as a cell tag, while a second was used as a regulator-based reporter system, was also used to simultaneously visualize bacterial spread and activity. This revealed the chronology of events leading to tuber maceration and quorum-sensing communication, in addition to the disruption of the latter by biocontrol agents. The promising potential of these fluorescent biosensors should make it possible to apprehend other activities, such as subcellular localization of key proteins involved in bacterial virulence in planta, in the near future.

scholarly journals RcTGA1 and glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway involvement in the defence of rose against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penghua Gao ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Huijun Yan ◽  
Qigang Wang ◽  
Bo Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Cascade Reactions ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
And Cluster Analysis

Abstract Background Rose is an important economic crop in horticulture. However, its field growth and postharvest quality are negatively affected by grey mould disease caused by Botrytis c. However, it is unclear how rose plants defend themselves against this fungal pathogen. Here, we used transcriptomic, metabolomic and VIGS analyses to explore the mechanism of resistance to Botrytis c. Result In this study, a protein activity analysis revealed a significant increase in defence enzyme activities in infected plants. RNA-Seq of plants infected for 0 h, 36 h, 60 h and 72 h produced a total of 54 GB of clean reads. Among these reads, 3990, 5995 and 8683 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in CK vs. T36, CK vs. T60 and CK vs. T72, respectively. Gene annotation and cluster analysis of the DEGs revealed a variety of defence responses to Botrytis c. infection, including resistance (R) proteins, MAPK cascade reactions, plant hormone signal transduction pathways, plant-pathogen interaction pathways, Ca2+ and disease resistance-related genes. qPCR verification showed the reliability of the transcriptome data. The PTRV2-RcTGA1-infected plant material showed improved susceptibility of rose to Botrytis c. A total of 635 metabolites were detected in all samples, which could be divided into 29 groups. Metabonomic data showed that a total of 59, 78 and 74 DEMs were obtained for T36, T60 and T72 (T36: Botrytis c. inoculated rose flowers at 36 h; T60: Botrytis c. inoculated rose flowers at 60 h; T72: Botrytis c. inoculated rose flowers at 72 h) compared to CK, respectively. A variety of secondary metabolites are related to biological disease resistance, including tannins, amino acids and derivatives, and alkaloids, among others; they were significantly increased and enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glucosinolates and other disease resistance pathways. This study provides a theoretical basis for breeding new cultivars that are resistant to Botrytis c. Conclusion Fifty-four GB of clean reads were generated through RNA-Seq. R proteins, ROS signalling, Ca2+ signalling, MAPK signalling, and SA signalling were activated in the Old Blush response to Botrytis c. RcTGA1 positively regulates rose resistance to Botrytis c. A total of 635 metabolites were detected in all samples. DEMs were enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glucosinolates and other disease resistance pathways.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Abstract A description is provided for Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae, especially Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Agropyron and several other grass genera and, more rarely, Sorghum and Zea; also recorded from the roots of plants in other families. DISEASE: Take-all of cereals and grasses (also referred to as deadheads or whiteheads, pietin and pied noir (France), Schwarzbeinigkeit and Ophiobolus Fusskrankheit (Germany), Ophiobolusvoetziekt (Netherlands) and others). Root infection is favoured by soil temperature from 12-20°C (Butler, 1961). Ascospore germ tubes penetrate root hairs and the epidermis in the meristematic region (Weste, 1972) leading to plugging of xylem and root death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 334, ed. 3, 1972). Widespread, especially in temperate zones. Africa; Asia (India, Iran, Japan, USSR): Australasia and Oceania; Europe; North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments, as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses and, under special conditions, by ascospores. Seed transmission very doubtful (47, 3058).

Septoria antirrhini. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Andrianova
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Wet Weather

Abstract A description is provided for Septoria antirrhini. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Leaf spot, leaf drying, defoliation. HOSTS: Antirrhinum antirrhiniflorum, A. majus, A. siculum (Scrophulariaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: South Africa. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA. SOUTH AMERICA: Chile, Colombia. ASIA: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Israel. AUSTRALASIA: Australia, New Zealand. EUROPE: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by airborne, splash-dispersed conidia from infected plant debris and seed stocks. The disease is significantly more severe under wet weather conditions (SINADSKIY et al., 1985).

Pythium heterothallicum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Central America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Spinacea Oleracea

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium heterothallicum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Seedling damping-off. HOSTS: Sambucus sp. (Caprifoliaceae); Spinacea oleracea (Chenopodiaceae); Lens culinaris (Fabaceae); Pelargonium cv. (Geraniaceae); Triticum aestivum (Poaceae); Malus domestica[Malus pumila] (Rosaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Kenya. NORTH AMERICA: Canada, USA (Idaho, Washington). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica. AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand. EUROPE: Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Netherlands, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Contaminated soil, organic matter (oospores) and water (sporangia).

Pythium intermedium. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Waterhouse
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract A description is provided for Pythium intermedium. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts represented by the following families: Begoniaceae, Bromeliaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Coniferae, Cruciferae, Euphorbiaceae, Geraniaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Liliaceae, Linaceae, Moraceae, Onagraceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, Violaceae; also in the Equisetales and Filicales. DISEASES: Damping-off of seedlings, foot rot and root rot of ornamentals, occasionally of crop plants and trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China); Australia & Oceania (Hawaii); Europe (England, Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden, U.S.S.R.); North America (U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: A common soil inhabitant.

Entyloma serotinum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Borago Officinalis ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Water Splash

Abstract A description is provided for Entyloma serotinum. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Symphytum spp., including S. asperrimum, S. bulbosum, S. cordatum, S. officinale, S. ottomanum and S. tuberosum; Borago officinalis; also recorded on Amsinckia, Lappula and Mertensia spp. (in USA) and Pulmonaria (in Europe, but see 64, 4163). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Symphylum, less frequently (though with similar symptoms) of other members of the Boraginaceae.GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Algeria. Asia: Israel, USSR (Republic of Georgia). Australasia: New Zealand. Europe: widespread, including Austria, British Isles, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France (including Corsica), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Latvia), Yugoslavia. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores survive on infected plant remains and in soil, and germinate to infect seedlings and the new seasons's leaves. In Europe conidia may also over-winter and initiate new infections in spring (Kaiser, 1936). During the growing season, conidia are disseminated by air currents and water-splash.

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