scholarly journals Duration of exclusive breast-feeding: introduction of complementary feeding may be necessary before 6 months of age

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Breast Fed

The WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of life. At present, <2 % of mothers who breast-feed in the UK do so exclusively for 6 months. We propose the testable hypothesis that this is because many mothers do not provide sufficient breast milk to feed a 6-month-old baby adequately. We review recent evidence on energy requirements during infancy, and energy transfer from mother to baby, and consider the adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding to age 6 months for mothers and babies in the developed world. Evidence from our recent systematic review suggests that mean metabolisable energy intake in exclusively breast-fed infants at 6 months is 2·2–2·4 MJ/d (525–574 kcal/d), and mean energy requirement approximately 2·6–2·7 MJ/d (632–649 kcal/d), leading to a gap between the energy provided by milk and energy needs by 6 months for many babies. Our hypothesis is consistent with other evidence, and with evolutionary considerations, and we briefly review this other evidence. The hypothesis would be testable in a longitudinal study of infant energy balance using stable-isotope techniques, which are both practical and valid.

scholarly journals EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 286-290
Author(s):  
SOHAIL ASLAM ◽  
FAROOQ AKRAM ◽  
MEHBOOB SULTAN
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Primary Care Hospital ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Study Setting ◽  
Breast Fed

Objective To study the duration and factors influencing exclusive breast feeding practice. Design: A cross sectional descriptive study Setting: A primary care hospital Gilgit, northern area of Pakistan. Period: Ten months from March 2007 to December 2007. Material & Method This study include 125 mothers with mean age of 24.3 years (SD 4.8),37% were illiterate while only 14% were matriculate or above among 125 babies (male 61%: female 39%). Results Out of total 125, eighty one (64.8%) babies were exclusively breast fed (EBF) for first six months of life and only five(4%) infants were not given breast milk at all . among 76 male infants ,52 (68.4%) were EBF for six months in comparison to 29 female (59.2%) out of 49. among 36 first born infants only 15 (41.7%) were EBF for six months in comparison to 66 (74.2%)out of 89 not first born(p<0.05). Conclusion: Exclusive breast feeding for complete 6 months is still not routinely practised by most of mothers and first born are deprived of this right in majority lower socioeconomic group and illiterate mothers are more likelyto breast feed, gender bias was also observed as a significantly high percentage of male babies were observed to be breast fed as compared to females. More efforts are required by health depart. And NGO’s to promote good breast feeding practices in our setup. 

scholarly journals Breast Feeding Remains a Strong Protection against Infant Infections.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-207
Author(s):  
Shagufta Sohail ◽  
Kaneez Fatima ◽  
Noshina Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: Breast feeding prevents infections in infants. Those who are partially or never breast-fed and receiving bottle feeds are at higher risk of infections as compared to exclusive breast-fed infants. The objectives of this study were to record the effect of exclusive breast feeding versus partial and never breast feeding on infections in infants and also to find an association of infection with type of feed, gestation and vaccination status in infants till six months of age.Material and Methods: A total of 500 Infants were included in this cross-sectional study. Information regarding pattern of feeding and infections was obtained by verbal interview of mother and the questionnaire was filled by the study physician. The outcome evaluated was infections in infants till one year of age. Categorical comparisons were made using chi square test. A ‘p’ value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Out of 500 infants, 59.4% were males. About 59.6% were exclusively breast-fed till 6 months of age, 31.2% were partially breast-fed and 9.2% were never breast-fed. In exclusively breast-fed group, 29.5% infants reported infections as compared to 40.4% in partial breast-fed group and 65.2% in never breast-fed infants (P < 0.000). Similarly, 40.6% of infants in exclusively breast-fed group, 55.1% in partial breast feed and 58.7% in the never breast-fed reported infections in 4-6 months of age, which was statistically significant (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in infection rates among the three study groups in 7-9 (P=0.192) and 10 -12 months (P=0.42) of age.Conclusions: Exclusive breast feeding till six months of age significantly reduces the risk of infections in infancy.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers and infant feeding practices in some semi urban villages of a selected Upazilla

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzana Mahejabin ◽  
Abdul Wadud Khan ◽  
Masuda Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Weaning Food ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

To identify the socio-demogrsphic factors and to determine the breast-feeding and weaning practices of the mothers of infants in some selected villages of Dhamrai.  A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted from July to December, 2011. A total of 320 mothers were interviewed having infant up to the age of 1 year. A validated questionnaire, which consists of questions relating to socio-demographic data, breast-feeding and weaning practices, was used.  The total number of mothers interviewed was 320 who had infants up to 1 year of age. The mothers were mostly 154(48.1%) aged 21- 25 years and 107 (33.4%) aged 26-30 years. Most 151 (47.2%) of the mothers were educated up to primary level and 96(30%) up to secondary level. 71 mothers were illiterate. The mothers were mostly 190(55.4%) belonged to nuclear family and 129(40.3%) joint family. Most 301(94.1%) of the mothers were housewife. The monthly income of the respondents were Taka 5001-10000 amongst 149(47%) and Taka < 5000 132 (41%). The mean monthly family income of the respondents was 7626.56±3171.248 Taka. Out of 320 infants, 137 (43%) were aged 9-12 months, 124 (39%) were 6-9 months and 59 (18.4%) infants were aged < 6 months. The infants mostly 96(30%) weighted more than 8 kg, 95 (30%) weighted 6-8 kg and 76 (24%) weighted 4-6 kg. All the mothers had initiated breast feeding to their infants and majority 298(98%) were on breast feeding and 57 (96.6%) were on exclusive breast feeding during the study. The infants of < 6 months fed breast milk 8 times or more in a day, the infants of 6-9 months fed breast milk 6-8 times in a day and those not breast fed they fed liquid/soft foods 4-6 times in a day. The infants of 9-12 months fed breast milk 4-6 times in a day and those not breast fed they fed liquid/soft foods 6-8 times in a day. The infants mostly 57(96.6%) were on exclusive breast feeding at the age of <6 months and on complementary feeding 77 (62%) and 83(60.5%) infants at the age of 6-9 and 9-12 months respectively. The infants were not on breast feed 13 (10.5%) at the age of 6-9 months and 23(16.8%) at the age of 9-12 months. Out of 320 respondents 315(98.4%) were aware about the usefulness of breast feeding and 5(1.6%) were not aware. Out of 320 respondents 269(84.1%) were aware about the complementary food and 51(15.9%) were not aware. Out of 320 respondents 218(68.1%) were aware about the knowledge of starting weaning food and 102(31.9%) were not aware about the starting of weaning food.  The results of the study indicate that the breast feeding practices among the mother of urban areas were well practiced. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cbmj.v2i1.14183 Community Based Medical Journal Vol.2(1) 2013 43-48

scholarly journals Breast-feeding initiation and exclusive duration at 6 months by social class – results from the Millennium Cohort Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
YJ Kelly ◽  
RG Watt
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Millennium Cohort Study ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectivesTo assess breast-feeding initiation and rates of exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months after birth, and to examine social class differences in breast-feeding rates.DesignFirst sweep of a longitudinal population-based survey, the Millennium Cohort Study.SettingFour countries of the UK.SubjectsSubjects were 18 125 singletons born over a 12-month period spanning 2000–01. Data were collected by parental interview on the initiation of breast-feeding and exclusivity at 1, 4 and 6 months after birth.ResultsOverall breast-feeding was initiated for 71% of babies, and by 1, 4 and 6 months of age the proportions being exclusively breast-fed were 34%, 3% and 0.3%, respectively. There were clear social class differences and mothers with routine jobs with the least favourable working conditions were more than four times less likely (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18–0.29) to initiate breast-feeding compared with women in higher managerial and professional occupations. Women in routine jobs were less likely to exclusively breast-feed their infants at 1 month (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.36–0.50) and 4 months (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.31–0.77) compared with women in higher managerial and professional occupations.ConclusionsClear social class differences in breast-feeding initiation and exclusivity for the first 4 months were apparent in this large UK sample. By 6 months, less than 1% of babies were being exclusively breast-fed. A co-ordinated multi-faceted strategy is required to promote breast-feeding, particularly among lower-income women.

scholarly journals Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantea Nazeri ◽  
Hosein Dalili ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Mehdi Hedayati ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Feeding Type ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

AbstractDespite substantial progress in the global elimination of iodine deficiency, lactating mothers and their infants remain susceptible to insufficient iodine intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers at four randomly selected health care centres in Tehran. Healthy infants <3 months old and their mothers were randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Iodine was measured in urine and breast milk samples from each infant and mother as well as commercially available infant formula. The study included 124 postpartum mothers (29·2 (sd 4·9) years old) and their infants (2·0 (sd 0·23) months old). The iodine concentrations were 50–184 µg/l for infant formula, compared with a median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) of 100 µg/l in the exclusive breast-feeding group and 122 µg/l in the partial formula feeding group. The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the exclusive breast-feeding group were 183 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR) 76–285) for infants and 78 µg/l (IQR 42–145) for mothers, compared with 140 µg/l (IQR 68–290) for infants and 87 µg/l (IQR 44–159) for mothers in the formula feeding group. These differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for BMIC, ANCOVA revealed that feeding type (exclusive breast-feeding v. partial formula feeding) did not significantly affect the infants’ or mother’s urinary iodine levels. Thus, in an area with iodine sufficiency, there was no difference in the iodine statuses of infants and mothers according to their feeding type.

Executive Summary

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Maternal Employment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Breast Fed

Domestic Although the rate of breast-feeding is increasing in the United States, it appears that the rate of increase has been much slower among less well educated and economically disadvantaged women. Relatively little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that affect the decisions to breast-feed or to stop if already breast-feeding. Breast-feeding does appear to decrease an infant's risk of gastrointestinal infection and otitis media. The effect of method of infant feeding on risk of other infections and allergic illness is less certain. International The rate of breast-feeding in developing countries appears to have declined, especially among urban women. Although some sociodemographic correlates of infant-feeding choice have been examined, little is known about the behavioral and attitudinal factors that influence choice and duration of infant-feeding practices. Milk insufficiency, maternal employment, and pregnancy frequently are given as reasons for terminating breast-feeding. Rates of gastrointestinal illness are lower among breast-fed infants and when such illness is an important cause of death, infant mortality from this cause appears to be reduced. A randomized clinical trial carried out among high-risk infants found a significantly lower rate of infections among those given breast milk than those fed with infant formula. The evidence of the effect of breast-feeding on respiratory tract and other infections from other studies was less clear. Direct comparison of the growth of predominately breast-fed v artificially fed infants in the same populations from developing countries generally show faster growth for the breast-fed infants for the first 6 months of life. After 6 months, severe growth faltering occurs regardless of the method of feeding. In communities where the nutritional adequacy of supplementary foods is poor, breast milk is an extremely important, high-quality food during the second half of infancy and beyond.

Nipple Confusion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
CHRIS MULFORD
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
American Women ◽  
Breast Feed

To the Editor.— In their recent artide "Single Daily Bottle Use in the Early Weeks Postpartum and Breast-Feeding Outcomes,"1 Cronenwett et al report that many American women who want to breast-feed choose partial breast-feeding rather than exclusive breast-feeding. The reasons the authors give are: (1) mothers intending to work outside the home, (2) fathers wanting to feed the baby, (3) mothers wanting to avoid 24-hour responsibility for feedings, and (4) fear that the baby will refuse to take a bottle at some later time if not taught early and kept in practice.

scholarly journals Determinants of suboptimal breast-feeding practices in Pakistan

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tabish Hazir ◽  
Dure-Samin Akram ◽  
Yasir Bin Nisar ◽  
Narjis Kazmi ◽  
Kingsley E Agho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Timely Initiation ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Feed

AbstractObjectiveExclusive breast-feeding is estimated to reduce infant mortality in low-income countries by up to 13 %. The aim of the present study was to determine the risk factors associated with suboptimal breast-feeding practices in Pakistan.DesignA cross-sectional study using data extracted from the multistage cluster sample survey of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006–2007.SettingA nationally representative sample of households.SubjectsLast-born alive children aged 0–23 months (total weighted sample size 3103).ResultsThe prevalences of timely initiation of breast-feeding, bottle-feeding in children aged 0–23 months, exclusive breast-feeding and predominant breast-feeding in infants aged 0–5 months were 27·3 %, 32·1 %, 37·1 % and 18·7 %, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that working mothers (OR = 1·48, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·87; P = 0·001) and mothers who delivered by Caesarean section (OR = 1·95, 95 % CI 1·30, 2·90; P = 0·001) had significantly higher odds for no timely initiation of breast-feeding. Mothers from North West Frontier Province were significantly less likely (OR = 0·37, 95 % CI 0·23, 0·59; P < 0·001) not to breast-feed their babies exclusively. Mothers delivered by traditional birth attendants had significantly higher odds to predominantly breast-feed their babies (OR = 1·96, 95 % CI 1·18, 3·24; P = 0·009). The odds of being bottle-fed was significantly higher in infants whose mothers had four or more antenatal clinic visits (OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·46, 2·55; P < 0·001) and belonged to the richest wealth quintile (OR = 2·41, 95 % CI 1·62, 3·58; P < 0·001).ConclusionsThe majority of Pakistani mothers have suboptimal breast-feeding practices. To gain the full benefits of breast-feeding for child health and nutrition, there is an urgent need to develop interventions to improve the rates of exclusive breast-feeding.

scholarly journals Peran Karakteristik Responden dan Dukungan Tenaga Kesehatan dalam Identifikasi Faktor yang Terkait dengan Kegagalan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Nur Hamidah ◽  
Kuntoro Kuntoro
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Education And Employment

This study aims to identify the characteristics, factors support the role of health professionals and history place of birth of the respondents in the village Ngabab Pujon Malang. Type in this research was descriptive analytic study design. Samples from this study amounted to 72 respondents who have children aged 6–24 months was taken by simple random sampling, with a population of 144 respondents. Variables examined included the respondent characteristics such as age, education, and employment. While variable support role of health workers was a boosted in the form of exclusive breast-feed to the respondent when babies aged 0–6 months. For history variables place of birth that is the location where the respondent gave birth to her baby. The entire variable was measured using the enclosed questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result of this study is mostly mothers who are not exclusively breast-feeding are age 17–25 years which amounted to 35 (48.6%). The last education taken by the respondent is junior that is numbered 35 (48.6%). The majority of respondents worked, as many as 19 people (26.4%) worked as a farmer. Analysis of factors which support 51 health workers (70.8%) stated that health professionals do not support exclusive breast-feeding. For a history of childbed 36 people (50%) maternity midwife. The conclusion of this research is that the majority of respondents aged 19-25 years, working as a farmer, the last junior high school education does not provide exclusive breast-feeding, health professionals do not support exclusive breast-feeding. Health workers are expected to provide education and action to support exclusive breastfeeding.

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