scholarly journals Endogenous amino acid flow in the avian ileum: quantification using three techniques

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
L. I. Hew ◽  
G. Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Method Of Determination ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Hydrolysed Casein ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

The aim of the present study was to compare the protein-free diet, guanidinated casein (GuC) and enzyme hydrolysed casein (EHC) methods for the quantification of endogenous amino acid (AA) flow in the avian ileum. Growing broiler chickens (5 weeks old) were used. All three assay diets were based on dextrose, and in the GuC and EHC diets GuC or EHC were the sole source of N. Endogenous AA flows determined with the use of protein-free diet were considerably lower (P>0·05) than those determined by the GuC and EHC methods. The total endogenous AA flows determined by the GuC and EHC methods were almost 3-fold greater (P>0·05) than those determined by the protein-free diet. The endogenous AA values obtained from GuC and EHC methods were similar (P<0·05), except for the flow of arginine, which was lower (P>0·05) in the EHC method. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonine and glycine were the predominant endogenous AA present in digesta from the distal ileum. The contents of methionine, histidine and cystine were lower compared with other AA. The method of determination had no effect on the AA composition of endogenous protein, except for threonine, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine and cystine. The concentrations of threonine and arginine were lower (P>0·05) and that of lysine was higher (P>0·05) with the EHC method compared with the other two methods. The concentration of glutamic acid was greater (P0·05) and that of cystine was lower (P>0·05) in the EHC and GuC methods compared with the protein-free diet method. The results showed that the ileal endogenous flows of N and AA are markedly enhanced by the presence of protein and peptides, above those determined following feeding of a protein-free diet. It is concluded that the use of EHC and GuC methods enables the measurement of ileal endogenous losses in chickens under normal physiological conditions.

scholarly journals Endogenous flow of amino acids in the avian ileum as influenced by increasing dietary peptide concentrations

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 822-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Velmurugu Ravindran ◽  
Patrick C. H. Morel ◽  
Shane M. Rutherfurd ◽  
Donald V. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

The aim of the present study was to establish whether feeding broiler chickens with diets containing increasing dietary peptide concentrations would cause increases in ileal endogenous amino acid flow. The flow of N and most amino acids increased quadratically (P < 0·05 to 0·001) with increasing dietary concentrations of peptides. The exceptions were the flow of threonine, serine, glycine, tyrosine and cystine, which increased linearly (P < 0·001) with dietary peptide levels. Another notable exception to the general trend was the flow of proline, which was significantly higher (P < 0·01) in birds fed the protein-free diet. The amino acid profile of endogenous protein, expressed as proportion of crude protein, indicated that the ratios of threonine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, leucine, histidine, arginine and cystine were influenced (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary peptide concentrations. In general, compared with the protein-free diet, the ratios of threonine and arginine in endogenous protein were lower (P < 0·05) and those of glutamic acid, glycine and histidine were greater (P < 0·05) in diets with high concentrations of peptides. The ratio of proline was found to decrease (P < 0·05) with increasing dietary peptide concentrations. These changes in the amino acid profile of endogenous protein are probably reflective of changes in the output of one or more of the components of endogenous protein. Overall, the present results demonstrated that increasing dietary peptide concentrations increased the flow of endogenous amino acid flow at the terminal ileum of broiler chickens in a dose-dependent manner and also caused changes in the composition of endogenous protein. The observed changes in endogenous amino flow will influence the maintenance requirements for amino acids and also have implications for the calculation of true digestibility coefficient of feedstuffs.

Endogenous amino acid flows at the terminal ileum of broilers, layers and adult roosters

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
W. H. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Abundant Amino Acid ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

AbstractEndogenous flows of nitrogen and amino acids at the terminal ileum of broilers (6 weeks old), layers (70 weeks old) and adult roosters (70 weeks old) were determined using the peptide alimentation method. The ileal endogenous output of nitrogen and total amino acids in broilers, layers and roosters, expressed as mg/kg dry matter intake, were similar (F > 0-05). Endogenous flows were similar (F > 0-05) for nine of the 17 amino acids analysed, but the flows of serine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, arginine and methionine differed (P < 0-05) among the classes of chickens. The amino acid profile of endogenous protein, expressed asg/100 g crude protein, did not differ (F > 0-05) between the three classes of chickens, except for serine, glutamic acid, proline and isoleucine. The concentrations of proline were higher (F < 0-05) in broilers, compared with the other two groups. The concentrations of glutamic acid in layers were lower (F < 0-05) than the other two groups. The concentrations of serine and isoleucine were higher (F < 0-05) in roosters than the other two groups. In all three groups, the most abundant amino acid in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, proline, serine, glycine and threonine. The present study provides estimates for endogenous amino acid flow at the terminal ileum in broilers, layers and adult roosters under normal physiological conditions.

scholarly journals Comparison of the isotope dilution method for determination of the ileal endogenous amino acid losses with labelled diet and labelled pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Hess ◽  
Philippe Ganier ◽  
Jean-Noel Thibault ◽  
Bernard Sève
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
First Case ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Protein Free Diet

The aims of the present study were first to compare the amino acid dilution method performed using labelled animals with that using labelled diets, and second to determine real digestibilities and total ileal endogenous losses of N and amino acids. Two diets containing pea cultivars (Solara and Amino) and a protein-free diet were compared in a 3 × 3 Latin-square experiment. The three pigs were each prepared with an ileo-rectal anastomosis and were continuously infused with [1-13C]leucine. For each cultivar,15N-labelled and unlabelled diets were formulated. The real digestibility and endogenous losses of leucine were higher when obtained by labelling the pig than by labelling the foodstuff. This was due either to the inadequate estimation of the endogenous protein enrichment in the first case or to the importance of dietary N recycling in the second case. However, in both cases the ileal endogenous losses of N and amino acids were higher than the basal losses determined with the protein-free diet. There were significant differences between the two pea cultivars in terms of phenylalanine and leucine when measured with labelled diets. It is suggested that, although ileal endogenous losses may be underestimated, using labelled feedstuffs is of great interest due to the direct estimation of the individual amounts of amino acids.

scholarly journals Regression-Derived Ileal Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Broiler Chickens and Cannulated Pigs Fed Corn Fiber, Wheat Bran, and Pectin

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2145
Author(s):  
Sunday A. Adedokun ◽  
Olayiwola Adeola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Corn Fiber ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

The objective of these studies was to determine the effect corn fiber (CF), wheat bran (WB) and pectin (PEC) on basal ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broiler chickens (Exp. 1) and cannulated pigs (Exp. 2) using the regression method. Semi-purified diets containing 100 g/kg of CF, WB, or PEC (broiler chickens) and CF or PEC (pigs) were fed to replicate cages consisting of eight birds per cage of 21-d-old broiler chickens and six replicates of pigs consisting of one pig per pen. Ileal endogenous His, Glu, and Pro losses were higher (p < 0.05) for CF and WB compared with birds fed diets containing PEC. Contrasts between CF and WB showed higher (p < 0.05) ileal endogenous nitrogen, total amino acid, His, Ile, Met, Glu, Pro, and Tyr losses in birds fed the CF diets (Exp. 1). Contrasts of EAA losses between birds fed the WB and PEC diets showed higher (p < 0.05) losses for His, Glu, and Pro. In the cannulated pigs, CF resulted in higher (p < 0.05) ileal endogenous His, Leu, and Tyr losses. In summary, CF induced higher ileal EAA losses in broiler chickens and cannulated pigs.

Influence of xylanase supplementation on the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility in a diet containing wheat and oats, and on the performance of three strains of broiler chickens

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
L. I. Hew ◽  
G. Ravindran ◽  
R. J. Gill ◽  
P. H. Pittolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Digesta Viscosity

A commercial xylanase product was assessed for its effects on the performance of, and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and ileal amino acid digestibility in, 3 commercial broiler strains (Strain A, B, and C) fed on a diet containing wheat (407 g/kg) and oats (78 g/kg). Exogenous xylanase improved weight gains (P = 0.07) and feed/gain (P < 0.04) of broilers, irrespective of genotype. Performance parameters significantly differed among the broiler strains. Strains A and C consumed more (P < 0.04) feed, and grew faster (P < 0.01) and more efficiently (P = 0.07) than Strain B. Enzyme supplementation resulted in 2.8% improvement (P < 0.05) in the AME of the wheat-based diet. The AME tended to be higher (P = 0.09) with Strain A (13.46 MJ/kg dry matter) and Strain C (13.57 MJ/kg dry matter) than with Strain B (13.10 MJ/kg dry matter). The apparent ileal digestibility of all amino acids was 1–2 percentage units higher in birds fed on the enzyme-supplemented diet than in those fed on the unsupplemented diet (controls), but the differences were significant (P < 0.05) only for threonine, methionine, isoleucine, arginine, aspartic acid, serine, and glutamic acid. Highly significant (P < 0.001) strain effects were observed for apparent ileal digestibility of all amino acids, with Strain A recording the highest (0.807–0.945) and Strain B the lowest (0.710–0.912). Mean ileal digestibility coefficients of the 15 amino acids in wheat-based diets for Strains A, B, and C were 0.858, 0.791, and 0.828, respectively. Ileal digesta viscosity was low, and was not affected by dietary enzyme, suggesting that other factors were responsible for the observed improvements in bird performance.

scholarly journals Casein and soya-bean protein have different effects on whole body protein turnover at the same nitrogen balance

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nielsen ◽  
J. Kondrup ◽  
P. Elsner ◽  
A. Juul ◽  
E. S. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Hydrolysed Casein ◽  
Bean Protein

The present study examined whether different proteins have different effects on whole-body protein turnover in adult rats. The rats were either starved, given a protein-free but energy-sufficient diet (1 MJ/kg body weight (BW) per d) or a diet containing intact casein, hydrolysed casein, or hydrolysed soya-bean protein at a level of 9.1 g/kg BW per d. The diets, which were isoenergetic with the same carbohydrate: fat ratio, were given as a continuous intragastric infusion for at least 4 d. During the last 19 h 15N-glycine (a primed continuous infusion) was given intragastrically and 15N was recovered from urinary ammonia and urea during isotope steady state for measurement of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Compared with starvation the protein-free diet decreased N excretion by 75%, probably by increasing the rate of reutilization of amino acids from endogenous proteins for protein synthesis. The protein diets produced a positive N balance which was independent of the protein source. Intact and hydrolysed casein increased protein synthesis 2.6- and 2.0-fold respectively, compared with the protein- free diet. Protein degradation increased 1.4- and 1.2-fold respectively. Hydrolysed soya-bean protein did not increase protein synthesis but decreased protein degradation by 35% compared with the protein-free diet. Compared with the hydrolysed soya-bean protein, intact casein resulted in 2.2- and 2.8-fold higher rates of protein synthesis and degradation respectively. These results are not easily explained by known sources of misinterpretation associated with the 15N-glycine method. Hydrolysed casein and hydrolysed soya-bean protein produced similar concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin, glucagon, and corticosterone. The difference in amino acid composition between the dietary proteins was reflected in plasma amino acid composition and this is suggested to be responsible for the different effect on protein turnover. Preliminary results from this study have previously been published in abstract form (Nielsen et al. 1991).

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