scholarly journals Cadmium absorption and retention by rats fed durum wheat (Triticum turgidumL. var.durum) grain

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. House ◽  
J. J. Hart ◽  
W. A. Norvell ◽  
R. M. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Cadmium Absorption

A whole-body radioassay procedure was used to assess the retention and apparent absorption by rats of Cd in kernels of durum wheat (Triticum turgidumL. var.durum) harvested from plants grown hydroponically in109Cd-labelled nutrient solution. Wholegrain wheat, containing 5 μmol Cd (570 μg)/kg dry weight labelled intrinsically with109Cd, was incorporated into test meals fed to rats that had been maintained on diets containing marginally adequate, adequate or surplus levels of Zn (0·12 mmol (8 mg), 0·43 mmol (28 mg) or 1·55 mmol (101 mg) Zn/kg respectively), and either 0 or 50 g durum wheat/kg. Regardless of diet, all rats consumed about 99 % of the test meal offered. In rats fed diets without wheat, initial Cd absorption averaged 7·7, 4·6 and 2·4 % of the dose when the diet contained 0·12 mmol (8 mg), 0·43 mmol (28 mg) or 1·55 mmol (101 mg) Zn/kg diet respectively. In rats fed wheat-containing diets, initial Cd absorption averaged 3·8 and 2·6 % of the dose when dietary Zn concentration was 0·12 mmol (8 mg) and 0·43 mmol (28 mg)/kg diet respectively. The amount of Cd retained in the body at 15 d postprandial was <2 % of the dose in all rats, and decreased as Zn in the diet increased. Even at 15 d postprandial, 32 to 44 % of the Cd retained in the body was still in the gastrointestinal tract. The results show that: (1) the bioavailability to rats of Cd in wholegrain durum wheat was depressed when wholegrain wheat was part of the regular diet; (2) increased intake of dietary Zn lowered Cd absorption and retention; (3) retention of Cd in the body at 15 d postprandial from diets containing adequate Zn was <1·3 %.

Enhancement of Tumor Contrast on Radioimmunoscans by Using Mixtures of Monoclonal Antibody F(ab’)2 Fragments

1986 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 216-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alavi ◽  
H. Koprowski ◽  
D. Herlyn ◽  
D. L. Munz
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Nude Mice ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Body Images ◽  
Biological Half Life ◽  
Adenocarcinoma Cells

F(ab’)2 fragments of MAbs GA 73-3 (IgG 2a) and CO 29.11 (IgG 1), which detect distinct antigenic determinants on adenocarcinoma cells of the gastrointestinal tract, were labeled with 131I using the iodogen method. 41 nude mice bearing SW-948 CRC tumors were injected either with a mixture of 100 ¼Ci (11 ¼g) each (n = 9) of the two 131l-F(ab’)2 fragments or with either fragment alone at various doses (each group consisting of 8 mice): GA 73-3,100 ¼Ci (11 ¼g) and 200 ¼Ci (25 ¼g); CO 29.11,100 ¼Ci (11 ¼g) and 200 ¼Ci (26 ¼g). Whole-body images of the mice were obtained daily for up to six days after injection. Ratios of cpm/pixel in the tumor to those in the rest of the body (rob), representing tumor contrast, were significantly (p <0.05) higher in the group of mice injected with the mixture (3.9 ± 1.5) as compared to those given 100 or 200 jiCi of either fragment separately. The biological half-life (T1/2 biol) of the mixture (44.7 ± 14.5 h) in the CRC tumors was significantly (p <0.05) longer than T1/2 biol determined in the groups given either fragment alone. Tv bioL in the rob was similar in all groups of mice examined.

Effect of Zn on the concentration of Cd and Zn in plant tissue of two durum wheat lines

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Choudhary ◽  
L. D. Bailey ◽  
C. A. Grant ◽  
D. Leisle
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Order Root ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
P Fertilizers

Irrespective of fertilizer treatments, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) Cd concentration was lowest in the grain and highest in the roots and was in the order: root > leaf > stem > grain. Soil-applied Zn decreased the Cd concentrations in durum wheat grain, leaf, stem, and root. But, foliar application of Zn resulted in Zn loading of the leaf and stem and had little effect on plant Cd concentration. Application of P and N plus P fertilizer increased tissue Cd concentration and decreased stem and leaf Zn concentration to near insufficiency, while application of Zn to soil with N plus P fertilizers increased tissue Zn concentration to sufficiency level and decreased plant Cd concentration of the two durum wheat lines. Key words: Cd, durum wheat, Zn, dry matter, plant tissue

Variation in growth, development, and yield of durum wheat in response to high soil boron. II. Differences between genotypes

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Yau ◽  
M. Nachit, ◽  
J. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Symptom Score ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Toxicity Symptom ◽  
Growth Development

This greenhouse study examined the variation in growth, development, and yield between 9 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf., syn. T. durum) lines in response to high soil boron (B) levels. The lines were selected to represent the range of B-toxicity tolerance in an earlier screening experiment. Three soil B levels (hot-water extractable B concentrations of 0·3, 7·1, and 17·4 mg/kg, designated as B0, B25, and B50, respectively) were set up by mixing different amounts of boric acid with soil. Foliar B-toxicity symptom score, dry weight, and shoot-B concentration were measured at tillering. Agronomic traits and yield were measured. There were differential responses to high soil B levels between the durum lines. The boron×line interaction was significant for B-toxicity symptom score and shoot-B concentration. Based on these 2 characters, and percentage of shoot dry weight and grain yield reduction from B0 to B50, Oued Zenati, Omrabi-5, and Gezira-17 were the most tolerant of the 9 durum lines, yet they were less tolerant to high soil B levels than the tolerant bread-wheat check, Halberd. Nonetheless, until more tolerant materials are developed, these moderately tolerant durum lines could still be useful for areas, like southern Australia, where B toxicity is a problem.

GENOTYPIC VARIABILITY IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN DURUM WHEAT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. GUMMULURU ◽  
S. JANA ◽  
S. L. A. HOBBS
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Physiological Characters

Yield and eight other related physiological characters [photosynthetic CO2 exchange rate (CER), stomatal resistance (rs), internal CO2 concentration, water-use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll a + b content (Chl), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf area and shoot dry weight] were examined in 20 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes grown under nonirrigated and irrigated field conditions in 1986 and 1987. Considerable genetic differences were evident for all characters under both nonirrigated and irrigated field conditions. Significant correlations between the genotype means of the 2 years and no significant genotype × irrigation interaction indicated that the genotypic rankings were generally consistent over different environments. Reduced water availability under nonirrigated conditions decreased yield, CER, shoot dry weight, leaf area, and internal CO2 concentration and increased rs. Genotypes were separated into drought-tolerant or susceptible types based on yield potential and leaf water loss. The drought-tolerant genotypes had higher WUE, Chl, yield, leaf area and shoot dry weight and lower internal CO2 concentration than the drought-susceptible genotypes. The group differences for the characters were significant only under nonirrigated field conditions.Key words: Physiological characters, drought tolerance, wheat (durum) Triticum turgidum L. var. durum

Variation in growth, development, and yield of durum wheat in response to high soil boron. I. Average effects

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Yau ◽  
M. C. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Set Up

A greenhouse study was conducted to examine how the performance of a group of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum Desf, syn. T. Durum) lines was affected by high soil boron (B) levels in terms of growth, phenological development, and grain yield components. Three soil B levels (hot-water extractable B concentrations of 0·3, 7·1, and 17·4 mg/kg) were set up by mixing soil with boric acid. Foliar symptom scores of B toxicity were taken at the beginning of tillering. Six seedlings were then harvested from each pot for measurement of dry weight and shoot B concentration. Days to heading, numbers of tillers and heads, plant height, flag-leaf area, grain and straw yield, and number of grains were also measured. The high soil B level (17·4 mg/kg) caused symptoms of B toxicity on the foliage, increased shoot B concentrations, retarded growth, and reduced grain yield. Other effects included delayed heading; greater reduction in grain yield than straw yield; severely reduced grain yield per tiller due to an increase in aborted tillers; and decreased 1000-grain weight and number of heads per plant. The moderately high soil B level (7·1 mg/kg) also severely depressed the grain yield of these durum lines.

scholarly journals Glucosensing in the gastrointestinal tract: Impact on glucose metabolism

2016 ◽  
Vol 310 (9) ◽  
pp. G645-G658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audren Fournel ◽  
Alysson Marlin ◽  
Anne Abot ◽  
Charles Pasquio ◽  
Carla Cirillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Autonomous Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Brain

The gastrointestinal tract is an important interface of exchange between ingested food and the body. Glucose is one of the major dietary sources of energy. All along the gastrointestinal tube, e.g., the oral cavity, small intestine, pancreas, and portal vein, specialized cells referred to as glucosensors detect variations in glucose levels. In response to this glucose detection, these cells send hormonal and neuronal messages to tissues involved in glucose metabolism to regulate glycemia. The gastrointestinal tract continuously communicates with the brain, especially with the hypothalamus, via the gut-brain axis. It is now well established that the cross talk between the gut and the brain is of crucial importance in the control of glucose homeostasis. In addition to receiving glucosensing information from the gut, the hypothalamus may also directly sense glucose. Indeed, the hypothalamus contains glucose-sensitive cells that regulate glucose homeostasis by sending signals to peripheral tissues via the autonomous nervous system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which glucosensors along the gastrointestinal tract detect glucose, as well as the results of such detection in the whole body, including the hypothalamus. We also highlight how disturbances in the glucosensing process may lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. A better understanding of the pathways regulating glucose homeostasis will further facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Physiological and Molecular Osmotic Stress Responses in Three Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum ssp Durum) Genotypes

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Jallouli ◽  
Sawsen Ayadi ◽  
Simone Landi ◽  
Giorgia Capasso ◽  
Giorgia Santini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Glutamate Synthase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Primary Metabolism

This study aims to investigate the activities and expression of enzymes of primary metabolism and relate these data with the growth performance of three different durum wheat genotypes (Maali; YT13; and ON66) under osmotic stress. Growth traits—including plant height, dry weight (DW) and relative water content (RWC)—were measured to classify genotypes depending on their tolerance to stress. Several enzymes were investigated: Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Glutamine Synthetase (GS), Glutamine dehydrogenase (GDH), Glutamate synthase (GOGAT), Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase (PEPC). The expression of the cytosolic and plastidic glutamine synthetase (TaGS1 and TaGS2), high affinity nitrate transporters (TaNRT2.3) and Glutamate dehydrogenase (TaGDH) were also detected by qRT-PCR. The results indicated different growth performances among genotypes, indicating Maali and YT13 as tolerant genotypes and ON66 as a drought-susceptible variety. Data showed a decrease in PEPC and increase in APX activities under osmotic stress; a slight decrease in GS activity was observed, together with an increase in G6PDH in all genotypes; GS and NRT2 expressions changed in a similar pattern in the different genotypes. Interestingly, Maali and YT13 showed higher transcript abundance for GDH under stress compared to ON66, suggesting the implication of GDH in protective phenomena upon osmotic stress.

Tharyx marioni (Polychaeta): a remarkable accumulator of arsenic

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Gibbs ◽  
W. J. Langston ◽  
G. R. Burt ◽  
P. L. Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Total Arsenic ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Arsenic Accumulation ◽  
Lipid Pool ◽  
Body Concentration

Analyses of the cirratulid polychaete Tharyx marioni have shown that this species contains a high concentration of arsenic, its whole-body concentration usually exceeding 2000 μg/g dry weight, even when living under low ambient arsenic conditions. Similar levels of arsenic are present in both juvenile and adult worms. Other cirratulid species, such as Cirriformia tentaculata and Caulleriella caputesocis, from the same habitat contain low arsenic concentrations (< 100 μg/g dry weight).Much of the arsenic in T. marioni (ca. 20 %) is contained in the palps which comprise about 4% of the body dry weight; in these organs, concentrations of 6000–13 000 μg/g dry weight have been measured. Some of the arsenic in the palps is bound with copper in granules but the bulk appears to be organically associated; extraction data indicate about 65% of the total arsenic is linked to the lipid pool with a further 25% being proteinbound arsenite (cysteine-extractable). The results of experiments using 74As suggest that most of the arsenic is derived from the sediments rather than the water but the mechanisms and functions of this arsenic accumulation by T. marioni remain to be investigated.

scholarly journals The Response of Wheat with Different Allele Statuses of the Gpc-B1 Gene under Zinc Deficiency

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057
Author(s):  
Natalia Kaznina ◽  
Nadezhda Dubovets ◽  
Yuliya Batova ◽  
Anna Ignatenko ◽  
Olga Orlovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Functional Allele ◽  
Introgressive Line ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
B1 Gene

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) deficiency on the growth and grain yield of wheat with different allele statuses of the Gpc-B1 gene. For this research, common wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (Koern. ex Asch. &Graebn.) Schweinf.), bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Festivalnaya), and two intogressive lines were used. T. dicoccoides and introgressive line 15-7-1 carry a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene, while the T. aestivum cv. Festivalnaya and introgressive line 15-7-2 carry the non-functional Gpc-B1 allele. Zn deficiency did not affect the shoot height or fresh weight of any of the studied plants. The only exception was T. dicoccoides, where a small decrease in shoot height was registered. Additionally, under Zn deficiency T. dicoccoides had an increase in flag leaf area, spike length, and dry weight, as well as in grain number and grain yield per spike. The other variants did not experience changes in the above-described parameters under Zn deficiency. Under Zn deficiency, the Zn concentration in the grains was higher in the plants with a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene compared to the plants with a non-functional allele. These results show that wheat with a functional allele of the Gpc-B1 gene growing under Zn deficiency is capable of grain production with a sufficient Zn concentration without a decrease in yield.

EFFECT OF ROOT TEMPERATURE AND VARYING CATION RATIOS ON GROWTH AND LEAF CATION CONCENTRATION OF APPLE SEEDLINGS GROWN IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. HOGUE ◽  
G. H. NEILSEN
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Solutions ◽  
Mn Concentrations ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown at high (256 mg L−1) and low 32 mg L−1) Ca concentration in Long Ashton nutrient solutions at 8, 12, 16 and 20 °C root temperature. Top and root dry weight of seedlings increased as temperature increased. Leaf Ca, K and Mn concentrations increased with root temperature from 12 to 20 °C. Leaf Zn concentration decreased over the same temperature range at low solution Ca concentration, leaf Mg concentration was lowest at 16 °C while leaf Fe was unaffected by temperature. In further experiments, seedlings were grown at 12 and 16 °C root temperatures at five concentration ratios of Ca:K (4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4) and five concentration ratios of K:Mg (17:1, 10:1,4:1,2:1 and 2:3) in nutrient solution. Seedling growth was higher at 16 °C and varied inversely with K:Mg ratio but was unaffected by Ca:K ratio. Leaf Ca concentration increased with temperature regardless of nutrient solution composition. Leaf K concentration increased with temperature over the range of Ca:K ratios but not over the range of K:Mg ratios. Leaf Mg concentration was unaffected by temperature. These data show that leaf Ca, Mg and K concentration increase in response to their respective availabilities in solution, being most pronounced for Mg and least for Ca.Key words: Apple seedlings, root temperature, nutrient solution, leaf Ca, Mg and K, Malus domestica

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