scholarly journals Oral administration of deuterium-labelled polyamines to sucking rat pups: luminal uptake, metabolic fate and effects on gastrointestinal maturation

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Dorhout ◽  
Anet Van Faassen ◽  
Christien M. Van Beusekom ◽  
Anneke W. Kingma ◽  
Elly De Hoog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mass Fragmentography ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Stimulation Of Erythropoiesis ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Gut Maturation

Non-physiological amounts of oral polyamines have been reported to induce precocious gut maturation in rat pups. The aim of the present study was to investigate organ distribution and metabolic fate of orally administered stable-isotopically labelled polyamines in rat pups. Pups received tetradeuterium-labelled putrescine (Pu-d4; 3 μmol), spermidine (Sd-d4; 5 μmol), spermine (Sp-d4; 3 μmol), or physiological saline twice daily on postnatal days 7–10 or 12–15. They were killed on days 10 and 15. We determined activities of ileal lactase (EC3.2.1.23), maltase (EC3.2.1.20), sucrase (EC3.2.1.48) and diamine oxidase (EC1.4.3.6) and established villus and crypt lengths. Polyamines and their labelling percentages in organs were determined by GC and mass fragmentography. Treatments did not affect growth rate, but caused lower weights of liver, kidneys and heart. Maltase activity increased, lactase decreased, whereas sucrase and diamine oxidase did not change. Villus and crypt lengths increased. Organ polyamine pools were labelled to different extents. Irrespective of the orally administered polyamine, all organs contained Pu-d4, Sd-d4 and Sp-d4. Administered Pu-d4 and Sd-d4 were recovered mainly as Sd-d4, whereas Sp-d4 was recovered as Sp-d4 and Sd-d4. Total polyamines in a caecum, colon and erythrocytes increased, but increases were only to a minor extent with regard to labelled polyamines. Our data confirm precocious gut maturation by exogenous polyamines. Putrescine appears to be the limiting factor. The exogenous polyamines were distributed among all investigated organs. They are not only used for the synthesis of higher polyamines, but also retroconverted to their precursors. Changes in erythrocyte polyamine contents suggest precocious stimulation of erythropoiesis.

Metabolic Fate of Plasma Diamine Oxidase: Evidence of Isolated and Perfused Rat Liver Uptake

Digestion ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano D’Agostino ◽  
Carolina Ciacci ◽  
Gaetano Capuano ◽  
Bruno Daniele ◽  
Giuseppe D’Argenio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Perfused Rat Liver ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Liver Uptake

scholarly journals Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors diprotin A and sitagliptin administered in the first postnatal week change the level of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain of adult rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-104
Author(s):  
Н.Н. Хлебникова ◽  
Н.А. Крупина ◽  
П.Л. Наплёкова ◽  
В.Б. Наркевич ◽  
В.С. Кудрин
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase Iv ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase Iv Inhibitors ◽  
Serotonin Turnover ◽  
Monoamines And Their Metabolites

В наших предыдущих исследованиях установлено, что у крысят, подвергнутых действию ингибиторов дипептидилпептидазы IV (ДП-IV) дипротина А и ситаглиптина в период с 5 по 18 постнатальные дни (ПНД) или с 1 по 7 ПНД, во взрослом возрасте развивается тревожно-депрессивное состояние c повышенной стресс-провоцируемой агрессией. Нарушения поведения, вызванные действием ингибиторов ДП-IV на второй - третьей неделях постнатального развития, сопровождаются изменениями функционирования моноаминергических систем мозга в структурах, опосредующих эмоционально-мотивационную деятельность. Целью настоящего исследования было изучение уровня моноаминов и их метаболитов в мозге взрослых крыс, подвергнутых действию дипротина А и ситаглиптина в ПНД 1-7. Методы. Крысятам опытных групп внутрибрюшинно вводили дипротин А (2 мг/кг) или ситаглиптин (4 мг/кг), животным контрольной группы - физиологический раствор. У крыс в возрасте 2,5 мес. методом ВЭЖХ/ЭД оценивали уровень моноаминов и их метаболитов во фронтальной коре, стриатуме, миндалине, гиппокампе и гипоталамусе. Результаты. У крыс обеих опытных групп обнаружено снижение уровня серотонина во фронтальной коре и норадреналина в стриатуме. Кроме того, у животных, которым неонатально вводили дипротин А, повышался оборот серотонина во фронтальной коре и миндалине. Заключение. Данные свидетельствуют о том, что действие ингибиторов ДП-IV в ПНД 1-7 вызывает длительную дисфункцию моноаминергических систем мозга крыс. In our previous studies, we have shown that rat pups exposed to dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DP-IV) inhibitors during postnatal days (PND) 5-18 or PND 1-7, in adulthood develops anxiety-depressive state with stress-induced aggression. Behavioral disorders in adult rats caused by the action of DP-IV inhibitors in the second - third postnatal weeks are accompanied by changes in monoamine metabolism in the striatum. The aim of this study was to estimate the levels of monoamines and their metabolites in brain structures of adult rats exposed to diprotin A and sitagliptin at PND 1-7. Methods. Diprotin A (2 mg/kg) or sitagliptin (4 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to rats of the experimental group, and physiological saline - to the control animals. The levels of monoamines and their metabolites were measured by the HPLC/ED in the frontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus in 2,5-months-old animals. Results. We revealed a significant decrease in the level of serotonin in the frontal cortex and norepinephrine in the striatum. In addition, diprotin A increased serotonin turnover in the frontal cortex and amygdala. Conclusion The data suggest that the action of DP-IV inhibitors at PND 1-7 induces long-term dysfunction of monoaminergic systems of the rat’s brain.

scholarly journals Improving access to endogenous DNA in ancient bones and teeth

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter de Barros Damgaard ◽  
Ashot Margaryan ◽  
Hannes Schroeder ◽  
Ludovic Orlando ◽  
Eske Willerslev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Digestion Time ◽  
Bone Material ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Molecular Complexity ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Methodological Guidelines ◽  
Digestion Step

Poor DNA preservation is the most limiting factor in ancient genomic research. In the vast majority of ancient bones and teeth, endogenous DNA molecules only represent a minor fraction of the whole DNA extract, rendering traditional shot-gun sequencing approaches cost-ineffective for whole-genome characterization. Based on ancient human bone samples from temperate and tropical environments, we show that an initial EDTA-based enzymatic 'pre-digestion' of powdered bone increases the proportion of endogenous DNA several fold. By performing the pre-digestion step between 30 min and 6 hours on five bones, we identify the optimal pre-digestion time and document an average increase of 2.7 times in the endogenous DNA fraction after 1 hour of pre-digestion. With longer pre-digestion times, the increase is asymptotic while molecular complexity decreases. We repeated the experiment with n=21 and t=15-30', and document a significant increase in endogenous DNA content (one-sided paired t-test: p=0.009). We advocate the implementation of a short pre-digestion step as a standard procedure in ancient DNA extractions from bone material. Finally, we demonstrate on 14 ancient teeth that crushed cementum of the roots contains up to 14 times more endogenous DNA than the dentine. Our presented methodological guidelines considerably advance the ability to characterize ancient genomes.

scholarly journals 341 Overcoming Seed Dormancy in Winecups, Callirhoe involucrata

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 450F-451
Author(s):  
Dianne Oakley ◽  
Julie Laufmann ◽  
James Klett ◽  
Harrison Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Leaching ◽  
Hard Seed ◽  
A Minor

Propagation of Winecups [Callirhoe involucrata (Torrey & A. Gray)] for use as a landscape ornamental has been impeded by a lack of understanding of the seed dormancy and a practical method for overcoming it. As with many members of the Malvaceae family, C. involucrata produces hard seed. In the populations tested, it accounted for 90% of an average sample. Impermeability, however, is not the only limiting factor to germination. Three disparate populations of seed, representing two different collection years have been investigated using moist pre-chilling, boiling water, leaching, gibberellic acid, hydrogen peroxide and mechanical and chemical scarification methods. Scarifying in concentrated sulfuric acid stimulates germination of some seed fractions and causes embryonic damage in others, suggesting variation in seed coat thickness. Similar results were obtained using a pressurized air-scarifier; the hard seed coat of some seed fractions were precisely scarified while others were physically damaged using the same psi/time treatment. Placing seed in boiling water increases germination from 4%, 7%, and 18 % to 23%, 25%, and 77% in the three populations, respectively. Leaching for 24/48 h in cold (18 °C) aerated water or for 24 h in warm (40 °C) aerated water showed only a minor increase over the control. Pre-chilling at 5 °C for 30, 60, and 90 days showed no improvement over the control. Gibberellic acid-soaked blotters improved germination at 400 ppm to 20%, 10%, and 41%; at 500 ppm germination was reduced. Soaking seed for 24 h in a 3% concentration of hydrogen peroxide did not effect germination; at a 30% concentration germination was reduced. The considerable variation in seed dormancy expression may be a function of differences in environmental factors during development or seed age.

Cell-Free Synthesis of the Alkaloids Ammodendrine and Smipine

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wink ◽  
Ludger Witte
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Quinolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Lupinus Arboreus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Alkaloid ◽  
Reaction Schemes

The bipiperidyl alkaloid ammodendrine was detected in 28 plant species as a minor alkaloid besides quinolizidine alkaloids. Cadaverine serves as a precursor for both quinolizidine alkaloids and for ammodendrine, since labelled cadaverine is incorporated into both rings of ammoden­drine. Cell-free extracts of Lupinus arboreus and of Pisum sativum, which contain an active diamine oxidase form ammodendrine from cadaverine and pyruvate. In addition to ammoden­drine other alkaloids such as smipine, tetrahydroanabasine and tripiperideine could be detected. Possible reaction schemes are discussed.

scholarly journals The metabolism of labelled hexadecyl sulphate salts in the rat, dog and human

1975 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Merits
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Rat Urine ◽  
Glycollic Acid ◽  
Dilution Experiments ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Sulphate Salts

The metabolic fate of [1-14-C]hexadecylsulphate and hexadecyl[35-S]sulphate, administered intravenously as the sodium and trimethylammonium salt to dogs and orally as the erythromycin salt to dogs, rats and humans, was studied. Studies with rats indicated that the compounds were well absorbed and rapidly excreted in the urine. However, after oral administration of the 14-C-and 35-S-labelled hexadecyl sulphate erythromycin salt to dogs, considerable amounts of radioactivity were excreted in the faeces as unmetabolized hexadecyl sulphate. Studies with two humans showed that orally administered erythromycin salt of [1-14C]hexadecyl sulphate was well absorbed in one person but poorly absorbed in the other. Radioactive metabolites in urine were separated by t.l.c. in two solvent systems. The main metabolite of hexadecyl sulphate in the dog, rat and human was identified as the sulphate ester of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. In addition, psi-[14-C]butyrolactone as a minor metabolic product of [1-14-C]hexadecyl sulphate was also isolated from the urine of rat, dog and man. However, there was still another metabolite in dog urine, which comprised about 20% of the total urinary radioactivity and carried both 14-C and 35-S labels. This metabolite was absent from rat urine. The metabolite in dog urine was isolated and subsequently identified by t.l.c. and g.l.c. and by isotope-dilution experiments as the sulphate ester of glycollic acid. Small amounts (about 5% of the total recovered radioactivity in excreta) of labelled glycollic acid sulphate were also found in human urine after ingestion of erythromycin [1-14-C]hexadecyl sulphate.

The Influence of Nutrient Availability on the Ecosystem Behaviour of a Salt Water Lake

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
I de Vries ◽  
M F Veul
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dynamic Calculation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent ◽  
Lake Grevelingen

The influence of the availability of silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus on the behaviour of the ecosystem in the salt Lake Grevelingen is evaluated. Quantification of the nutrientcycling is essentially based on a dynamic calculation of detritus formation resulting from mortality of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, including mineralization as function of temperature and substrate concentration. Also changes of the dissolved inorganic nutrientpools resulting from primary production, mineralization and net loading are dynamically ca1culated. Silicon and nitrogen are reversibly fixed in bottomdetritus during the summer halfyear, which implies that primary production depends on the balance between accumulation of detritus in the bottom and mineralization. In contrast the dynamics of phosphorus depend only to a minor extent on primary production and net loading. The net yearly load of nitrogen equals the amount of nitrogen present in the waterphase during the winterperiod. However winter concentrations do not increase and nitrogen remains a limiting factor for primary production. 3-4 g N/m2/year is apparently removed from the lake by denitrification. The environmental factors enabling denitrification are important for consolidation of the ecosystem behaviour. From a management point of view stratification which inhibits denitrification, should be avoided.

scholarly journals Metabolic fate and organ distribution of 13C-3′-sialyllactose and 13C-N-acetylneuraminic acid in wild-type mice – No evidence for direct incorporation into the brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 104268
Author(s):  
Christina E. Galuska ◽  
Silvia Rudloff ◽  
Sabine Kuntz ◽  
Christian Borsch ◽  
Martina Reutzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organ Distribution ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Direct Incorporation ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Certain contentious issues related to the suspended sentence

Crimen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
Veljko Delibašić ◽  
Tijana Kostić
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Criminal Sanction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
Adherence Monitoring ◽  
A Minor

This paper addresses the issue of suspended sentence since it is a criminal sanction frequently applied in Serbia and statutory provisions regulating suspended sentence are also subject to frequent modification which altogether emphasizes the need of its continuous study. Within the general purpose of criminal sanctions, the purpose of a suspended sentence is to avoid imposing the sentence on an offender for a minor offence in cases when it can be reasonably expected that a warning with a threatened sentence shall suffice to prevent the offender from perpetrating other crimes. Suspended sentence can be granted only when the offender has been sentenced to less than two years imprisonment, however, on condition (which was tightened in 2019) that the crime does not fall within the category of criminal offences for which an eight-year prison sentence (before it was 10 years) or longer can be delivered. Subjective reasons due to which suspended sentence cannot be granted have been also extended, so therefore, suspended sentence can be granted only if more than five years have elapsed from the time the judgment became final by which the offender was sentenced either to imprisonment or was pronounced a suspended sentence for a crime with premeditated intent. In view of the fact that a fine is still a form of punishment and, accordingly, a stricter criminal sanction than suspended sentence which is a non-custodial measure meaning a more lenient sanction, it would be quite acceptable if the legislator, as a limiting factor, also envisaged a fine for a crime with premediated intent. As regards a five year term calculated from the finality of judgment, a better solution would be that the period be calculated from the day of the sentence being served, prescribed or the day a pardon has been granted, i.e. from the day when the adherence monitoring period to probation conditions has expired. Furthermore, recently introduced statutory solutions would result in decrease in the number of suspended sentences in criminal sanctions structure. When it comes to suspended sentence supervision order, as it is rarely applied, it is necessary that minimum effort be invested in providing material conditions and human resources for carrying out this sanction which was found to be effective in many countries. A serious omission of legislators is that the Criminal Procedure Code, when defining the institution of hearing for pronouncing a criminal sanction, leaves an option to the public prosecutor to propose passing of a suspended sentence with determining fine, which is contrary to the Criminal Code. This omission should be corrected by giving priority to the Criminal Code i.e. by excluding the option for the public prosecutor to propose such a sanction.

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