scholarly journals The metabolism of labelled hexadecyl sulphate salts in the rat, dog and human

1975 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Merits
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Rat Urine ◽  
Glycollic Acid ◽  
Dilution Experiments ◽  
Solvent Systems ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Sulphate Salts

The metabolic fate of [1-14-C]hexadecylsulphate and hexadecyl[35-S]sulphate, administered intravenously as the sodium and trimethylammonium salt to dogs and orally as the erythromycin salt to dogs, rats and humans, was studied. Studies with rats indicated that the compounds were well absorbed and rapidly excreted in the urine. However, after oral administration of the 14-C-and 35-S-labelled hexadecyl sulphate erythromycin salt to dogs, considerable amounts of radioactivity were excreted in the faeces as unmetabolized hexadecyl sulphate. Studies with two humans showed that orally administered erythromycin salt of [1-14C]hexadecyl sulphate was well absorbed in one person but poorly absorbed in the other. Radioactive metabolites in urine were separated by t.l.c. in two solvent systems. The main metabolite of hexadecyl sulphate in the dog, rat and human was identified as the sulphate ester of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. In addition, psi-[14-C]butyrolactone as a minor metabolic product of [1-14-C]hexadecyl sulphate was also isolated from the urine of rat, dog and man. However, there was still another metabolite in dog urine, which comprised about 20% of the total urinary radioactivity and carried both 14-C and 35-S labels. This metabolite was absent from rat urine. The metabolite in dog urine was isolated and subsequently identified by t.l.c. and g.l.c. and by isotope-dilution experiments as the sulphate ester of glycollic acid. Small amounts (about 5% of the total recovered radioactivity in excreta) of labelled glycollic acid sulphate were also found in human urine after ingestion of erythromycin [1-14-C]hexadecyl sulphate.

scholarly journals The metabolism of potassium dodecyl [35S]-sulphate in the rat

1969 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. B. Denner ◽  
A H Olavesen ◽  
Gillian M. Powell ◽  
K S Dodgson
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Liver Perfusion ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Metabolic Fate ◽  
Anaesthetized Rats ◽  
Dilution Experiments ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Isolated Liver

The metabolic fate of potassium dodecyl [35S]sulphate was studied in rats. Intraperitoneal and oral administration of the ester into free-ranging animals were followed by the excretion of the bulk of the radioactivity in the urine within 12hr., approximately 17% being eliminated as inorganic [35S]sulphate. Similar results were obtained in experiments in which potassium dodecyl [35S]sulphate was injected intravenously into anaesthetized rats with bile-duct and ureter cannulae. Analysis of urinary radioactivity revealed the presence of a new ester sulphate (metabolite A). This metabolite was isolated, purified and subsequently identified as the sulphate ester of 4-hydroxybutyric acid by paper, thin-layer and gas chromatography, by paper electrophoresis and by comparison of its properties with those of authentic butyric acid 4-sulphate. The identity of the metabolite was confirmed by isotope-dilution experiments. When either purified metabolite A or authentic potassium butyric acid 4[35S]-sulphate was administered to free-ranging rats the bulk of the radioactivity was eliminated unchanged in the urine within 12hr., approx. 20% of the dose appearing as inorganic [35S]sulphate. Whole-body radioautography and isolated-liver-perfusion experiments implicated the liver as the major site of metabolism of potassium dodecyl [35S]sulphate. It is suggested that butyric acid 4-sulphate probably arises by ω-oxidation of dodecyl sulphate to a fatty acid-like compound, which is then degraded by β-oxidation.

scholarly journals The fate of sulphadimethoxine in primates compared with other species

1970 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Adamson ◽  
J. W. Bridges ◽  
M. R. Kibby ◽  
S. R. Walker ◽  
R. T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Major Metabolite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Metabolite ◽  
Slow Loris ◽  
Fruit Bat ◽  
Green Monkey ◽  
Minor Metabolite ◽  
A Minor

1. The metabolism of sulphadimethoxine (2,4-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine) was examined in nine species of primates and nine species of non-primates. 2. The main metabolite of the drug in the urine in man, rhesus monkey, baboon, squirrel monkey, capuchin, bushbaby, slow loris and tree shrew was sulphadimethoxine N1-glucuronide. In the green monkey, although the main metabolite was N4-acetylsulphadimethoxine, the N1-glucuronide was also a major metabolite. 3. In the dog, rat, mouse, guinea pig, Indian fruit bat and hen the N1-glucuronide was a minor metabolite in the urine, whereas in the cat, ferret and rabbit this glucuronide was not found in the urine. 4. All the species examined except the dog excreted some N4-acetylsulphadimethoxine, which was the major metabolite in the green monkey, rabbit and guinea pig. 5. In the tree shrew, a doubtful primate, N1-glucuronide formation was similar to that in the other primates. 6. It is suggested that the slow excretion of the drug by the rat may be due partly to strong binding of the drug to tissue proteins and that the strength of binding may vary with species. 7. In the rat the amount of N1-glucuronide found in the urine is not a true indication of the extent of this conjugation since much more of the conjugate was found in the bile (7% of the dose) than in the urine (1%). In the rabbit, no N1-glucuronide was found in the bile or urine, but a small amount of sulphadimethoxine N4-glucuronide was found in the bile of the rat (0.5% of dose) and rabbit (0.8%).

A modified Runge-Kutta method

SIMULATION ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 221-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. Chai
Keyword(s):  
Error Estimate ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Method ◽  
Kutta Method ◽  
Starting Values ◽  
Runge Kutta Method ◽  
Runge Kutta ◽  
A Minor

It is possible to replace k2 in a 4th-order Runge-Kutta for mula (also Nth-order 3 ≤ N ≤ 5) by a linear combination of k1 and the ki's in the last step, using the same procedure for computing the other ki's and y as in the standard R-K method. The advantages of the new method are: It re quires one less derivative evaluation, provides an error estimate at each step, gives more accurate results, and needs a minor change to switch to the RK to obtain the starting values. Experimental results are shown in verification of the for mula.

scholarly journals II.—General Theorems on Determinants

1880 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54
Author(s):  
Thomas Muir
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Elementary Theorem ◽  
A Minor

The rows of a determinant of the nth order having been separated into two sets, one containing the first p rows and the other the rest, if each minor of the pth degree formed from the first set be multiplied by a minor, called its complementary, formed from the second set, and the result have its sign chosen in accordance with a certain law, it is well known as an elementary theorem that the aggregate of the products thus obtained is equal to the original determinant.

A Medieval Open Work

POETICA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 228-265
Author(s):  
Rafael Simian
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Umberto Eco ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Open Work ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Guigo II is commonly known and praised among specialists of Western mysticism for his Scala claustralium, a work that presents a spiritual program for cloistered monks. His Meditations, on the other hand, have usually been relegated to the margin of attention. The First Meditation, in particular, is generally regarded as a minor piece. The paper argues, however, that a new approach can make better sense of the First Meditation, while also enabling us to recognize its specific function and value. Seen from this new perspective, Guigo’s purpose with the text is to train and exercise his readers’ minds according to the spiritual program laid out in the Scala. The paper shows that the First Meditation realizes that goal, surprisingly, by having the same essential features that Umberto Eco found in the ‘open works’ of the Western avant-garde.

Paranormal Belief, Experience, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter

2000 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_part_2) ◽  
pp. 1104-1106
Author(s):  
Jezz Fox ◽  
Carl Williams
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Keirsey Temperament Sorter ◽  
Paranormal Belief ◽  
Anomalous Experience ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Paranormal Experience

121 college students completed the Anomalous Experience Inventory and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter. Multiple regression analyses provided significant models predicting both Paranormal Experience and Belief; the main predictors were the other subscales of the Anomalous Experience Inventory with the Keirsey variables playing only a minor role.

scholarly journals A Psychological Reading of J. D. Salinger’s “For Esme with Love and Squalor”

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Morteza Habibi Nesami ◽  
Asghar Moulavi Nafchi
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adult Relationships ◽  
Psychological Point ◽  
A Minor ◽  
War Stories

The 20thcentury has witnessed a plethora of war stories, but among them Salinger’s “For Esme with Love and Squalor,” a minor masterpiece as Paul Alexander calls it, stands out. It also falls among those typical Salingerian child-adult relationships that highlight the non-phony members of society with many things in common distinguishing them from the other so-called normal members of the society. In the current study, characters are studied from a psychological point of view and classified into two major groups by the researchers. The first group and the main focus of the study is the minority of society and the second group relates to the majority or commonality. The minority group includes Salinger’s heroes and protagonists who are later known as psychoneurotic. This first group feels affinity to the children who are far away from the hostility and harshness of adults’ world as, to Salinger, the concept of innocence means being away from the false standards and hypocrisy of the majority of the insensitive society. The researchers try to distinguish between these two groups from different psychological and psychoanalytic aspects. Despite the contrast between these two groups, there are some similarities in their sexual conceptions and psychological adjustment that clarify similarities in traits and responses in the form of adopting different mechanisms to adjust and remove tensions and alleviate anxiety employing the mechanisms Freud calls palliative remedies.

scholarly journals Betaine Yields from Marine Algal Species Utilized in the Preparation of Seaweed Extracts Used in Agriculture

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Blunden ◽  
Peter F. Morse ◽  
Imre Mathe ◽  
Judit Hohmann ◽  
Alan T. Critchley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Algae ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Constituent ◽  
Laminaria Digitata ◽  
Seaweed Extracts ◽  
Marine Algal ◽  
A Minor

Ascophyllum nodosum, and to a lesser extent, Laminaria digitata, L. hyperborea and Fucus serratus, are marine algal species utilized in the commercial production of seaweed extracts used in agriculture. Betaines have been shown to be important constituents of these extracts, but there appears to have been no study made on whether there are variations in the betaine contents of these species based on either the place or date of collection. Samples of each of the four species were collected from widely separated areas at different times of the year. Also, in the case of A. nodosum, approximately monthly collections were made from one location. The betaines detected in the various collections of the same species showed little variation, although in the case of A. nodosum, glycinebetaine was found as a minor constituent in some samples, but was not detected in others. Trigonelline was found in all the tested samples of the two Laminaria species; this is, to our knowledge, the first record of this betaine in marine algae. With the exception of trigonelline in the Laminaria species, the betaine yields from the various samples of L. digitata, L. hyperborea and F. serratus showed little variation, regardless of either the place or date of collection. The trigonelline contents of the Laminaria species collected at one location (Finavarra, Ireland), in particular of L. hyperborea, was substantially greater than those from the other places of collection. In the case of A. nodosum, the betaine yields from samples collected at one site (Dale, Pembrokeshire, UK) were significantly higher than those from the other places of collection, which were very similar to each other. There was no clear indication of seasonal variation in betaine yields from A. nodosum.

Primary surgery for sapheno-femoral incompetence: A randomised controlled trial to compare two techniques to reduce lymphatic complications

VASA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouton ◽  
Keller ◽  
Naef ◽  
Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Suture Material ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The Other ◽  
Absorbable Suture ◽  
Lymphatic Tissue ◽  
Primary Surgery ◽  
Sharp Dissection ◽  
Lymphatic Complications ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
A Minor

Background: We prospectively compared lymphatic complications after two types of surgery for primary sapheno-femoral incompetence: sharp dissection with meticulous ligation of lymphatic tissue and electrocoagulation technique respectively. Patients and methods: 154 consecutive patients undergoing surgery for bilateral primary sapheno-femoral incompetence were randomised. Each side was the control for the other side. 154 groins underwent sharp dissection with ligation of lymphatic tissue using absorbable suture material and 154 controls had a dissection performed with electrocoagulation. Results: There was no lymphocoele, no relevant lymphorrhea and no extremity oedema in either group. Three patients had a minor lymphatic discharge in both groins, self-limiting within 24 hours (1.9%). There were no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusions: Lymphatic complications in primary surgery for sapheno-femoral incompetence are very rare. There is no detectable advantage of sharp dissection with ligation of lymphatic tissue over dissection with electrocoagulation without ligatures.

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