scholarly journals Secretion and reabsorption of endogenous protein along the small intestine of sheep: estimates derived from 15N dilution of plasma non-protein-N

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van Bruchem ◽  
J Voight ◽  
Toos S. C. W Lammers-Wienhoven ◽  
Ulrike Schönhusen ◽  
J. J. M. H Ketelaars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Yeast Suspension ◽  
Total N ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Infusion Tube ◽  
Beer Yeast

Sheep fitted with a PVC cannula in the dorsal rumen, a silastic infusion tube in the abomasum, and single ‘T’-shape PVC cannulas in the proximal duodenum (D1), distal duodenum (D2), mid-jejunum (J), and terminal ileum (I), were fed on diets varying in crude protein (Nx6·25) and fibre contents. 15N was administered to the sheep as a 15N-labelled grass meal-beer yeast suspension which was continuously infused into the abomasum over a period of 1 week. Subsequently, over a period of 4 d, 15N excess in the D1, D2, J and I digesta and faeces was measured and related to 15N excess in blood plasma TCA-soluble N. Average daily intakes of DM and N were 1·12 kg and 26·3 g respectively. Average daily endogenous N (g) amounted to 3·1 at D1, 10·2 at D2, 6·1 at J, 5·0 at I, and 5·1 in the faeces (F). Corresponding percentage values for total N were: D1 12·4, D2 32·9, J 46-4, I 48.4 and F 50.7. The secretion, particularly of pancreatic juice and/or bile, varied. The apparent re-absorption of endogenous protein varied among experimental diets, on average by 50·4% between D2 and I. Along the small intestine the percentage of 15N in the TCA-precipitable fraction gradually changed, on average by 66·0, 63·0, 46·3 and 55·7 at D1, D2, J and I respectively. Because of differential rates of enrichment and turnover among protein pools which contribute towards endogenous secretion, care should be taken in interpreting these data as absolute values.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Four sheep were given four diets containing proportions of rolled barley and soya-bean meal varied to provide 10.3, 13.3, 16.1 and 19.9% crude protein in the dietary dry matter; the treatments were given according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The mean daily intake was 989 g dry matter. The apparent disappearance of protein, ash, ether extractives and carbohydrate before the abomasum, between the abomasum and terminal ileum and between the terminal ileum and rectum was measured.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein (Y1, g/d) disappearing from the small intestine increased with protein intake (X, g/d) according to the equation Y1 = 2.12X – 0.0057X2–83, reaching a maximum when there was about 19% crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.3. The treatments had no significant effects on the disappearance of starch, ether extractives or ash. About 93% of starch disappeared in the rumen and 6% in the small intestine. The total mean daily intake of ether extractives was 21 g; 9 g were added in the rumen, 24 g disappeared from the small intestine and 6 g were excreted in the faeces. The total mean daily intake of ash was 67 g; 26 g were added in the rumen, 37 g disappeared from the small intestine, 9 g from the large intestine and 47 g were excreted in the faeces.

Endogenous amino acid flows at the terminal ileum of broilers, layers and adult roosters

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Ravindran ◽  
W. H. Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
The Other ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
Abundant Amino Acid ◽  
Endogenous Amino Acid

AbstractEndogenous flows of nitrogen and amino acids at the terminal ileum of broilers (6 weeks old), layers (70 weeks old) and adult roosters (70 weeks old) were determined using the peptide alimentation method. The ileal endogenous output of nitrogen and total amino acids in broilers, layers and roosters, expressed as mg/kg dry matter intake, were similar (F > 0-05). Endogenous flows were similar (F > 0-05) for nine of the 17 amino acids analysed, but the flows of serine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, arginine and methionine differed (P < 0-05) among the classes of chickens. The amino acid profile of endogenous protein, expressed asg/100 g crude protein, did not differ (F > 0-05) between the three classes of chickens, except for serine, glutamic acid, proline and isoleucine. The concentrations of proline were higher (F < 0-05) in broilers, compared with the other two groups. The concentrations of glutamic acid in layers were lower (F < 0-05) than the other two groups. The concentrations of serine and isoleucine were higher (F < 0-05) in roosters than the other two groups. In all three groups, the most abundant amino acid in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, proline, serine, glycine and threonine. The present study provides estimates for endogenous amino acid flow at the terminal ileum in broilers, layers and adult roosters under normal physiological conditions.

scholarly journals Artificial rearing of pigs

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Newport
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Bean Protein

1. Pigs (twenty-one/diet) were weaned at 2 d of age and given liquid diets (200 g dry matter/l) at hourly intervals during a 26 d experiment. The pigs were fed on a scale based on live weight. The diets contained (g/kg DM): dried skim-milk 730 (diet A), dried whey 508·5, isolated soya-bean protein 218, DL-methionine 3·5 (diet S), and soya-bean oil 270 (diets A and S). Diet T contained equal proportions of diets A and S. Soya-bean supplied 0, 370 and 740 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6·25)/kg total crude protein in diets A, T and S respectively.2. Performance was similar for both diets A and T (P > 0·05). Pigs given diet S scoured severely, and fourteen died. The survivors grew very poorly. Nitrogen retention (g/d per kg live weight) was greater for diet A compared with diet T (P < 0·0r), and decreased with age (P < 0·01).3. Protein digestion was examined in the pigs killed at 28 d of age. The amount of soya-bean protein in the diet did not affect the amount of digesta in the stomach, but soya-bean protein decreased the pH, DM and total N content of the digesta (P < 0.01), and increased, though not significantly (P < 0·05), pepsin activity in the digesta and stomach tissue. Acid secretion into the stomach appeared to be enhanced in pigs given a diet containing soya-bean protein.4. Amounts of trypsin, chymotrypsin, total N and proportion of non-protein-N in the digesta from the small intestine were similar for both diets A and T. The amounts for both diets were greater in the distal compared with the proximal region of the small intestine (P < 0·05). Chymotrypsin activity in the pancreas was reduced (P < 0·05) in pigs given diet T, although this reduction did not seem to impair digestion in 28-d-old pigs. Trypsin activity in the pancreas was similar for both diets A and T.5. It seems likely that the neonatal pig does not have the digestive capacity to tolerate the large daily intakes of soya-bean protein when dried skim-milk was totally replaced in the diet (diet S). When half the dried skim-milk was replaced, protein digestion was not impaired in 28-d-old pigs.

scholarly journals  Use of the mobile nylon bag technique for determination of apparent ileal digestibilities of crude protein and amino acids in feedstuffs for pigs

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 451-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Steiner ◽  
U. Bornholdt ◽  
W.C. Sauer ◽  
F. Ahrens ◽  
H. Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Legume Seeds ◽  
Endogenous Protein

Three digestibility experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential of determination of apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) by the mobile nylon bag technique (MNBT) using 21 feedstuffs and three mixed diets. In two conventional digestibility experiments (Exp. 1 and 2), AID were determined using in total 10 barrows (BW 35 kg) fitted with simple T-cannulas at the terminal ileum. For the MNBT studies, four pigs were fitted with a simple T-cannula at the proximal duodenum and a Post-Valve T-Caecum (PVTC) cannula at the terminal ileum. The MNBT studies included the feedstuffs (n = 10) from Exp. 1 and 2 as well as 14 further feedstuffs and mixed diets in which AID coefficients had been determined in previous trials. For each feedstuff 60 nylon bags were used. In vitro digestion of the bags was carried out in pepsin-HCl solution with 450 IU pepsin/l at pH 2.0 and 37&deg;C for 4 h. In the 28-day in vivo experiment, 15 nylon bags per pig and day were inserted through the duodenal cannula and collected through the PVTC cannula after passage through the small intestine. Coefficients of AID were calculated based on the disappearance of CP and AA from the nylon bags during the in vitro and in vivo phase. In comparison with AID determined by the conventional method, AID of CP was on average 2.4% lower, whereas AID of lysine was on average 8.5% higher when determined by the MNBT. There was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) correlation between AID coefficients of CP and AA determined by the conventional method and the MNBT, when all feedstuffs were taken into account. However, in cereals (n = 11), the correlation between AID coefficients determined by both methods was significant (P &lt; 0.05) for CP (r = 0.61) and some AA (r ranging between 0.62 and 0.72). In conclusion, the potential of the MNBT to determine AID of CP and AA is rather limited. Differences in coefficients of AID of CP and AA were attributed to several factors such as diffusion of sample particles or endogenous protein through the nylon bags as well as to the presence of anti-nutritional factors (e.g. in legume seeds and oilseed meals).

EFFECTS OF TREATING RAPESEED MEAL AND CASEIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON THE FLOW OF NUTRIENTS THROUGH THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF FISTULATED HOLSTEIN STEERS

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS ◽  
R. J. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Isoleucine Leucine ◽  
Total N ◽  
Belt Feeder

Four Holstein steers fitted with T-type soft plastic cannulae in the rumen, abomasum and terminal ileum were fed four semipurified pelleted diets containing 19% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 7.5% casein, both untreated or treated with formaldehyde (FA), during the four experimental periods. The diets were fed from an automatic belt feeder device. FA treatment of casein increased (P < 0.01) the flow of total N and non-ammonia-N (NAN) as a percentage of intake through the abomasum of steers. Significantly more (P < 0.05) bacterial N passed through the abomasum of steers fed RSM diets than those receiving the casein diets. FA treatment caused a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) depression in the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) in the small intestine of steers receiving the treated diets. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) quantities of total N and NAN passed through the terminal ileum of steers consuming the RSM diets compared to those fed casein diets. Total determined amino acids in the abomasum as a percentage of amino acid intake were lower (P < 0.01) for untreated casein diet compared to the other three treatments. FA treatment increased (P < 0.05) the flow of lysine, histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and tyrosine in the abomasum of steers receiving FA casein compared with untreated casein, but had no effect in the case of treated RSM. FA treatment increased the absorption of most of the essential amino acids in the small intestine of steers receiving the FA casein compared to casein diet. Treatment of RSM resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) fecal excretion of threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine.

scholarly journals The nutritive value of silages Digestion of nitrogenous constituents in sheep receiving diets of grass silage and grass silage and barley.

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Thomas ◽  
D. G. Chamberlain ◽  
N. C. Kelly ◽  
M. K. Wait
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Marked Influence ◽  
Grass Silage

Two experiments were conducted to study the digestion of nitrogenous constituents in the rumen, small intestine and caecum and colon of sheep given diets of grass silage or grass silage and barley. Three silages were used. One was made from first-harvest grass in the spring and the others from regrowth grass cut in either early autumn or late autumn. All were of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and were preserved with formic acid.Expt 1 involved a comparison between the spring silage given alone (644 g dry matter (DM)/d) and the spring silage supplemented with barley (151 g DM/d). The intakes (g/d) of total nitrogen for the silage diet and for the supplemented diet were 14.89 and 17.36. Corresponding values (g/d) for N passage were 15.55 and 18.53 (P < 0.01) at the duodenum, 6.01 and 7.09 at the ileum and 5.06 and 5.52 in the faeces. The barley supplement had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on rumen ammonia-N- concentration.Expt 2 involved a comparison between the two autumn-cut silages each offered at a level of feeding of approximately 700 g DM/d. The intakes (g/d) of total N for the early-cut silage and for the late-cut silage were 21.67 and 15.62 respectively. Corresponding values (g/d) for N passage were 17.10 and 16.96 at the duodenum, 6.65 and 6.80 at the ileum and 4.5 and 5.22 in the faeces. The concentration of NH3-N in the rumen was significantly (P < 0.001) higher with the early-cut silage than with the late-cut silage.In both experiments the rates of bacterial crude protein (N × 6.25) synthesis in the rumen, estimated using α, ε-diaminopimelic acid as a marker, were low, 142 and 161 g crude protein/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the spring silage and the spring silage and barley diets respectively, and 68 and 103 g crude protein/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen for the early-cut autumn silage and the late-cut autumn silage respectively. For all diets there was a relatively low contribution of bacterial crude protein to the duodenal passage of crude protein and the amounts of individual amino acids ingested in the diets had a marked influence on the amino acids passing to the duodenum and as a consequence on the mixture of amino acids taken up from the small intestine.The results are discussed in relation to the nutritive value of silage N for ruminants.

Comparison of the site and extent of digestion of nutrients of a forage in kids and lambs

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Alam ◽  
G. D. Lawson ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nutrient Flow ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryThe quantitative partitioning of digestion between the stomachs, small intestine and large intestine was compared in kids and lambs offered a high quality meadow hay (organic-matter digestibility, 0·74; N, 23·9 g/kg D.M.) in amounts between maintenance and ad libitum.Nutrient flow past the abomasum and terminal ileum and in the faeces was measured by reference to 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline. Digestion of D.M., neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and non-ammonia N (NAN) in the rumen (R), small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) was estimated from the regression of nutrient flow on nutrient intake.No difference was observed between the species in digestion of D.M., NDF and NAN at any site. Approximately 0·60, 0·29 and 0·13 of the total in vivo D.M. digestion (0·74) occurredin the R, SI and LI, respectively, and approximately 0·94 of the total in vivo NDF digestion (0·79) occurred in the rumen of both species.There was a gain of total N and NAN of 22 and 15%, respectively, in the rumen of both species whilst net disappearance of NAN in the small intestine and of N in the large intestine was approximately 0·62 and 0·27, respectively. All these characteristics varied slightly with level of feeding.It is concluded that there may be little difference in the partitioning of digestion of D.M., NDF and NAN in the digestive tract of kids and lambs when consuming high quality forages.

scholarly journals Nitrogen transactions along the digestive tract of lambs concurrently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Bown ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Plasma Loss ◽  
Endogenous Protein

Twelve lambs, paired on the basis of live weight, were cannulated in the abomasum, in the proximal jejunum approximately 4 m distal to the pylorus and in the terminal ileum. Six were infected with 3000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3000 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae each day for 18 weeks and the remainder were pair-fed to individual infected lambs. All animals were offered ryegrass (Lolium perenne)–white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture, cut daily. Dry matter (DM) intake, live weight, faecal egg concentration, plasma pepsinogen and plasma protein concentrations were measured weekly. During weeks 7 and 17 after commencement of infection, the flow of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract was measured together with enteric plasma loss and true digestion and absorption of 125I-labelled albumin in the small intestine. DM intake was depressed by parasitism, being 1331, (se 70), 423 (se 32) and 529 (se 52) g/d during weeks 3, 7 and 17 respectively. The flow of nitrogen at the proximal jejunum and in faeces was increased by parasitism during week 7 and at the abomasum and ileum during week 17. Plasma protein-N loss (g/d) into the gastrointestinal tract was 0.68 (se 0.091) and 1.97 (se 0.139) during week 7, and 0.85 (se0.158) and 1.96 (se 0.396) during week 17, in control and infected sheep respectively. True digestion and absorption of albumin in the proximal small intestine, the site of infection, was very low (mean 0.08) and was not affected by parasitism. Between the abomasum and terminal ileum absorption of albumin was high (mean 0.87) and again was not affected by parasitism. It was calculated that of the total increase in endogenous protein passing from the ileum tract as a result of infection, plasma protein comprised only a small percentage (10–36%). The major proportion of digestion and absorption of protein occurred in the distal small intestine beyond the site of infection and was not affected by infection.

APPARENT DIGESTIBILTY OF AMINO ACIDS AND OTHER NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF WETHERS EXPOSED TO A COLD ENVIRONMENT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 921-929
Author(s):  
J. M. KELLY ◽  
R. J. CHRISTOPHERSON ◽  
R. J. EARLY
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Cold Environment ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Intestinal Digestion

Digestion studies were conducted with eight shorn yearling Suffolk wethers to assess the effects of environmental temperature on intestinal digestion of nonammonia nitrogen (NAN) and amino acid N. The wethers were cannulated in the rumen, abomasum, and terminal ileum and subsequently chronically exposed to either cold (0–2 °C) or warm (21–25 °C) temperatures in a crossover experiment. Sheep were fed a diet of chopped bromegrass hay and digesta flows through the abomasum and terminal ileum were estimated by reference to 103ruthenium-phenanthroline and 51chromium-EDTA. Microbial N contributions to total N in abomasal digesta were estimated with 35sulphur. During cold exposure, mean rumen ammonia concentration was reduced (P < 0.01) by 20%, while net appearance of NAN across the forestomach increased from 2.7 to 7.3 g d−1 (P < 0.05) resulting in a 14% increase in flow of NAN from the abomasum. The latter was associated with a 63% increase in flow of undegraded feed N (P < 0.05) and a nonsignificant decrease in microbial NAN. There was a small increase in flow of most amino acids from the abomasum due to cold exposure, with significant effects for lysine, histidine and tyrosine (P < 0.05). Disappearances of lysine (P < 0.05) and tyrosine (P < 0.005) in the small intestine were increased by the cold environment. Cold exposure increased small intestinal digestion of amino acid N relative to digestible organic matter intake (P < 0.08) suggesting maintenance of amino acid supply relative to that of energy in a cold environment. Key words: Amino acids, digestion, small intestine, sheep, cold environment

Surgery: Small Intestine Terminal Ileum—Resection

2015 ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
S. K. Sharma ◽  
J. W. Milsom
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum
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