scholarly journals Maintenance of villus height and crypt depth, and enhancement of disaccharide digestion and monosaccharide absorption, in piglets fed on cows' whole milk after weaning

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Pluske ◽  
Melinda J. Thompson ◽  
Craig S. Atwood ◽  
Peter H. Bird ◽  
Ian H. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
And Function

The aims of the present study were (a) to maintain the structure and function of the small intestine of the piglet after weaning, and (b) to compare the capacity in vivo of sucking and weaned piglets to digest oral boluses of lactose and sucrose and absorb their monosaccharide products. Piglets were fed on cows' whole milk ad libitum every 2 h for 5 d after weaning. Physiological doses of lactose plus fructose (treatment LAC + FRU) and sucrose plus galactose (treatment SUC + GAL) were administered on day 27 of lactation and on the fifth day after weaning, after which time piglets were killed. Villus height and crypt depth were maintained (P > 0·05) by feeding cows' milk after weaning. The areas under the curves (AUC) for galactose and glucose, adjusted for live weight and plasma volume, increased (P < 0·05) after weaning. Despite the enhancement of gut function after weaning, the galactose index (Gall: AUC for galactose ingested as lactose divided by the AUC for the same dose of galactose ingested as the monosaccharide) and fructose index (FruI: AUC for fructose ingested as sucrose divide by the AUC for the same dose of fructose ingested as the monosaccharide), which are indices of digestive and absorptive efficiency, both decreased after weaning. This apparent anomaly may be reconciled by increased growth, and hence surface area, of the small intestine between weaning and slaughter such that ‘total’ digestion and absorption most probably increased despite apparent decreases in GalI and FrnI. Positive correlations (P < 0.05) between villus height and Gall are consistent with the maximum activity of lactase occurring more apically along the villus. Significant linear relationships (P < 0·05) were recorded between villus height at the proximal jejunum and adjusted AUC for galactose and glucose following treatment LAC + FRU, and between villus height at the proximal jejunum and adjusted glucose AUC following treatment SUC + GAL. These relationships suggest that maximum digestion and absorption occurs at increasing distances along the crypt:villus axis in the weaned pig.

Effects of isovalerate supplementation on morphology and functional gene expression of small intestine mucosa in pre- and post-weaned dairy calves

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Liu ◽  
C. Wang ◽  
Y. L Zhang ◽  
C. X. Pei ◽  
S. L Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Peptide Transporter ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Intestine Mucosa

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effects of isovalerate supplementation on the development of the small intestinal mucosa in dairy calves. Forty-eight Chinese Holstein bull calves at 15 days of age and 45.1 ± 0.36 kg of body weight were assigned randomly to four groups. The treatments were control, low-isovalerate, moderate-isovalerate and high-isovalerate with 0, 3, 6 and 9 g isovalerate per calf per day, respectively. The study comprised 75 days with a 15-day adaptation period followed by a 60-day sampling period. Calves were weaned at 60 days of age. Six calves were chosen from each treatment at random and slaughtered at 30 and 90 days of age. The small intestine morphology and activities of amylase and trypsin improved significantly with increasing age. No interaction between treatments and age was observed. The small intestine length, mucosa layer thickness, villus height and crypt depth increased linearly with increasing isovalerate supplementation. However, the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was not affected by treatment. Activities of amylase and trypsin increased linearly. The lactase activity increased linearly during the 75-day period and for pre-weaned calves but was unaltered for post-weaned calves. The relative mRNA expressions of growth hormone receptor, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and sodium-glucose co-transporter-1 in the small intestine mucosa increased linearly, and a similar pattern was observed for the expression of peptide transporter-1 in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. The results suggested that small intestine development was promoted by isovalerate in a dose-dependent manner.

scholarly journals Maintenance of villous height and crypt depth in piglets by providing continuous nutrition after weaning

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
I. H. Williams ◽  
F. X. Aherne
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Villous Height ◽  
And Function

AbstractThirty-two piglets weaned at 28 days of age were used to test the hypothesis that maintenance of nutrition after weaning would prevent the normal decline in villous height and increase in crypt depth and hence preserve the structure and function of the small intestine. Piglets were allocated to one of four treatments at weaning: (1) control group killed at weaning; (2) piglets offered a dry starter diet ad libitum; (3) piglets offered ewes' fresh milk; and (4) piglets offered ewes' fresh milk plus 20 g t-glutamine per I. Piglets in treatments (3) and (4) were offered ewes' fresh milk every 2 h in a feeding schedule that increased from 1·2 I per piglet on the 1st day after weaning to 2·4 I on days 4 and 5. On the 5th day all piglets were killed and samples of small intestine were taken for histological and biochemical examination. Feeding ewes' milk or ewes' milk plus 20 g L-glutamine per I maintained (P > 0·05) villous height and crypt depth compared with piglets killed at weaning. In contrast, piglets given a dry starter diet had shorter villi (P < 0·001), deeper crypts (P < 0·001), and proportionately 0·21 to 0·28 less protein (P > 0·05) in their intestinal mucosa. Piglets given the starter diet proportionately grew from 0·49 to 0·62 more slowly (P < 0·01), ate the same amount of dry matter (DM; P > 0·05), but consumed proportionately 0·30 less energy (P < 0·001) than their counterparts given the milk diets. No treatment differences in the specific activity of lactase and sucrase were observed (P > 0·05). Significant correlations existed between voluntary food intake and villous height at the proximal jejunum for piglets given the starter diet and ewes' milk (P < 0·05 and P = 0·073, respectively). In turn, villous height was significantly correlated (r = 0·78 to 0·87, P < 0·05) with the rate of body-weight gain after weaning in these two groups. For piglets offered ewes' milk plus glutamine, an increase in DM intake was associated only with increases in crypt depth (P < 0·01). These data show that the structure and function of the small intestine can be preserved when a milk diet is given after weaning, and suggest an association between food intake and villous height in determining post-weaning weight gain.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary supplementation of guanidino acetic acid on growth performance, thigh meat quality and development of small intestine in Partridge-Shank broilers

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 1130-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. C. Ren ◽  
J. J. Xuan ◽  
X. C. Yan ◽  
Z. Z. Hu ◽  
F. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Thigh Muscle ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth

AbstractThe current experiment aimed at assessing the effects of dietary supplementation of guanidino acetic acid (GAA) on growth performance, thigh meat quality and development of small intestine in broilers. A total of 360 1-day-old female broiler chicks were distributed randomly to four groups of 90 birds each, and each group received GAA dosages of 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg of feed dry matter. During the whole experiment of 60 days, broilers hadad libitumaccess to water and feed and the feed intake was recorded daily. All broilers were weighed before and after the experiment, and 30 broilers of each group were selected randomly to slaughter at the end. Increasing dietary supplementation of GAA increased final live weight and daily body weight gain, gain-to-feed ratio, thigh muscle pH value and fibre diameter of broilers, but decreased daily feed intake, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force value, hardness, gumminess and chewiness of thigh meat. In addition, increasing supplementation of GAA quadratically increased duodenal, jejunal and ileal villus height and width and ratio of villus height to crypt depth, but decreased crypt depth. The results indicated that GAA as a feed additive may support better development of small intestine, thereby resulting in improvement of growth performance and meat quality of broilers.

scholarly journals Subepithelial fibroblast cell lines from different levels of gut axis display regional characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. G945-G954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelina Plateroti ◽  
Deborah C. Rubin ◽  
Isabelle Duluc ◽  
Renu Singh ◽  
Charlotte Foltzer-Jourdainne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Distal Small Intestine

The intestine is characterized by morphofunctional differences along the proximodistal axis. The aim of this study was to derive mesenchymal cell lines representative of the gut axis. We isolated and cloned rat intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts raised from 8-day proximal jejunum, distal ileum, and proximal colon lamina propria. Two clonal cell lines from each level of the gut were characterized. They 1) express the specific markers vimentin, smooth muscle α-actin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, revealed by immunofluorescence microscopy and 2) distinctly support endodermal cell growth in a coculture model, depending on their regional origin, and 3) the clones raised from the various proximodistal regions maintain the same pattern of morphogenetic and growth and/or differentiation factor gene expression as in vivo: hepatocyte growth and/or scatter factor and transforming growth factor-β1 mRNAs analyzed by RT-PCR were more abundant, in the colon and ileal clones and mucosal connective tissue, respectively. In addition, epimorphin mRNA studied by Northern blot was also the highest in one ileal clone, in which it was selectively upregulated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment. Epimorphin expression in isolated 8-day intestinal lamina propria was higher in the distal small intestine and proximal colon than in the proximal small intestine. In conclusion, we isolated and characterized homogeneous cell subtypes that can now be used to approach the molecular regulation of the epithelium-mesenchyme-dependent regional specificity along the gut.

Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on tissue protein synthesis in pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kullik ◽  
B. Brosig ◽  
S. Kersten ◽  
H. Valenta ◽  
A.-K. Diesing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Fusarium Toxin ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis

Possible interactions between the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on in vivo protein synthesis were investigated in selected porcine tissues. A total of 36 male castrated pigs (initial weight of 26 kg) were used. 24 pigs were fed a control diet and 12 a Fusarium-contaminated diet (chronic oral deoxynivalenol, 3.1 mg/kg diet) for 37 days. Tissue protein synthesis was measured in pigs fed control diet after intravenous infusion of deoxynivalenol (100 µg/kg live weight/h), lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h) or a combination of both compounds on the day of the measurements, while six pigs from the chronic oral deoxynivalenol group were intravenously treated with lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h). Deoxynivalenol challenge alone failed to alter protein synthesis parameters. Fractional protein synthesis rates were exclusively reduced in liver, spleen and small intestine of lipopolysaccharides-treated pigs. Intravenous deoxynivalenol co-exposure enhanced the impacts of lipopolysaccharides on protein synthesis parameters in the spleen and the small intestine to some extent, while a chronic oral pre-exposure with deoxynivalenol relieved its effects in the spleen. Whether these interactions occur in other tissues and under other study conditions, especially toxin doses and route of entry into the body, needs to be examined further.

scholarly journals Characteristics and postnatal development of the acid lipase activity of the rat small intestine

1977 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
P M Coates ◽  
S A Brown ◽  
J Jumawan ◽  
O Koldovský
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Distal Ileum ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Acid Lipase ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

Acid lipase was identified in the rat small intestine by using esters of 4-methylumbelliferone as substrates. Maximum activity towards the oleate ester was found at pH 4.0. In adult animals, the activity of acid lipase exhibited both latency and sedimentability, indicating a lyosomal localization. The activity of acid lipase was practically the same along the height of the villus, thus paralleling the distribution of acid beta-galactosidase. In adult rats, the activity of acid lipase in proximal (jejunum) and middle (mid-jejunum) sections of the small intestine was practically the same and exceeded the activity in the distal (ileum) section by a factor of 2. In suckling rats, the activity of the enzyme in the mid-jejunum exceeded that in the jejunum and ileum by 2.5- and 1.5-fold respectively. During postnatal development, the acid lipase activity of the mid-jejunum showed a peak between days 10 and 15, at which time it exceeded the adult mid-jejunum activity by 5–6-fold.

Absorption of Galactose by the Rat Small Intestine in Vivo: Proximal—Distal Kinetic Gradients and a New Method to Express Absorption Per Enterocyte

1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Batt ◽  
T. J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Rat Small Intestine ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Carrier Mediated Transport ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Diffusive Component

1. The absorption in vivo of d-galactose by the rat small intestine has been examined in proximal jejunum and distal ileum by use of a recirculation—perfusion technique. 2. Multiple sequential perfusions over 4 h produced no subsequent functional or morphological damage in the perfused segments. 3. Absorption of galactose from 8 and 64 mmol/l solutions was found to be independent of flow rate over the range 1·0–6·5 ml/min. 4. Galactose absorption in both the jejunum and the ileum exhibited saturation kinetics of the Michaelis—Menten type, and phlorrhizin sensitivity. Sorbose was only absorbed minimally. These observations demonstrate that galactose is absorbed by carrier-mediated transport and that there is no significant passive diffusive component in vivo. 5. Under the stated experimental conditions, the maximum absorptive capacity was 4·5 times greater in the jejunum than in the ileum. The Michaelis constant for galactose was higher in the jejunum than in the ileum. 6. Enterocytes were isolated from perfused segments and quantified by DNA assay with a correction for yield. In this manner, the absorptive capacity per enterocyte was calculated. 7. The maximum absorptive capacity per enterocyte was 3·5 times greater in the jejunum than in the ileum.

scholarly journals Peptidoglycan Recognition Peptide 2 Aggravates Weight Loss in a Murine Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Gastrointestinal Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sophie Bech ◽  
Anders Bathum Nexoe ◽  
Magdalena Dubik ◽  
Jesper Bonnet Moeller ◽  
Grith Lykke Soerensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Toxicity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth

Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity (CIGT) is a frequent, severe and dose-limiting side effect. Few treatments have proven effective for CIGT. CIGT is characterized by activation of the nuclear factor kappa B pathway which, leads to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The innate immune protein peptidoglycan recognition peptide 2 (PGLYRP2) binds to and hydrolyzes microbial peptidoglycan. Expression of PGLYRP2 is upregulated in the intestine of chemotherapy-treated piglets. In this experimental study, we investigated the role of Pglyrp2 in the development and severity of murine CIGT.Methods:Pglyrp2 wildtype and Pglyrp2 knockout mice received intraperitoneal injections of chemotherapy (Doxorubicin 20 mg/kg) to induce CIGT. Weight was monitored daily, and animals were euthanized after 2 or 7 days. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the jejunum was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase-chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Villus height, crypt depth, and histologic inflammation were evaluated on haematoxylin and eosin stained tissue specimens.Results: Chemotherapeutic treatment induced weight loss (p &lt; 0.05), shortening of the small intestine (p &lt; 0.05), elongation of villus height (p &lt; 0.05), increased crypt depth (p &lt; 0.05), and led to elevated mRNA levels of II1β (p &lt; 0.05), II6 (p &lt; 0.05), and Tnf (p &lt; 0.001) at day 2. Protein levels of IL1β, IL6, and TNFα did not change after exposure to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin treated wildtype mice had a more pronounced weight loss compared to knockout mice from day 3 to day 7 (D3-D6: p &lt; 0.05 and D7: p &lt; 0.01). No other phenotypic differences were detected.Conclusion:Pglyrp2 aggravates chemotherapy-induced weight loss but does not induce a specific pattern of inflammation and morphological changes in the small intestine.

scholarly journals Dietary supplementation of powdered and encapsulated probiotic: In vivo study on relative carcass, giblet weight and intestinal morphometry of local duck

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e47140
Author(s):  
Ilham Ardiansah ◽  
Kholifatus Sholiha ◽  
Osfar Sjofjan
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
In Vivo Study ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Depth Data ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Intestinal Morphometry ◽  
Range Test

This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of either powdered or encapsulated probiotic on relative carcass, giblet weight and intestinal morphometry of local duck. One hundred twenty male day old duck (DOD) were distributed to 6 different dietary groups, included 2 probiotic forms of either powdered (T1) or encapsulated (T2) and 3 levels: 0% (L0), 0.2% (L1), 0.4% (L2). They were reared using pen cages for 42 days (6 weeks). Observed variables were relative carcass, giblet weight (gizzard, heart, liver) and intestinal morphometry (villus height, villus width, crypt depth). Data were analyzed by Nested of Completely Randomized Design ANOVA and if there was significant effect followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result showed that there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of the form of either powdered or encapsulated probiotic on relative carcass, giblet weight, and intestinal morphometry. However, increasing level of probiotic have significant effect (p < 0.05) on relative carcass, villus height, and villus width, but did not significantly affect giblet weight and crypt depth. In conclusion, supplementation of either powdered or encapsulated probiotic has similar result, but it is suggested to use 0.4% of encapsulated probiotic (4 kg ton-1 of feed) in local duck diet.

scholarly journals Effect of liquid feeding at different water-to-feed ratios on the morphological adaptations in the gastrointestinal tract of growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
David Hurst ◽  
Darren Thomas Juniper ◽  
Lynne Clark ◽  
Jennie Litten-Brown ◽  
Anne Corson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Liquid Feeding ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The study examined the morphology of the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) of growing pigs offered dry feed or liquid feed with differing water-to-feed ratios.  Twenty male pigs were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups; treatments included a standard dry pelleted diet (D) or the same diet soaked in water at a feed-to-water ratio of 1:1.5 (T1:1.5), 1:3 (T1:3) or 1:3 with the addition of lactic acid to adjust the feed to pH 4 (T1:3[4]).  Animals were humanely slaughtered after 6 weeks to enable sampling and histological examination (light, scanning electron (LSEM) and binocular dissection microscope) of the GI tract. Samples were taken at the 2% position (duodenum), the 20% position and 50 % position (jejunum) along the small intestines (SI).  Liquid-fed pigs were heavier (P < 0.05) and exhibited improved feed conversion ratios (FCR) when compared to D animals. These differences in live weight were attributed to alterations in the weight and volume of the stomach and SI, which were also heavier and larger in liquid-fed pigs (P < 0.05).  However, these differences were no longer apparent when intestinal weights and stomach volumes were adjusted for animal live weight. Differences in villus type between the treatments were noted throughout, particularly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum sections. Mean villus height was taller in all liquid-fed animals when compared to D pigs (P<0.05); this was particularly apparent in T1:1.5 and T1:3[4] pigs. There were no differences in crypt depths between treatment groups at the 2% and 20 % positions, but at the 50 % position the T1:1.5 group crypts were deeper (P < 0.05) than those in the D and T1:3 pigs. It is concluded that liquid feeding alters the morphology of the GI tract, which may in part, explain the differences in growth performance observed between liquid and D fed pigs.  The inclusion of organic acid in the diets of T1:3[4] pigs appeared to exert an effect on villus height and crypt depth when compared to those pigs receiving the T1:3 diet.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document