scholarly journals Responses in the voluntary intake of hay or silage by lactating cows to intraruminal infusions of sodium acetate or sodium propionate, the tonicity of rumen fluid or rumen distension

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Anil ◽  
J. N. Mbanya ◽  
H. W. Symonds ◽  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rubber Balloon ◽  
Balloon Distension ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Dose Dependent

Rumen-fistulated lactating cows were individually fed on hay or silage and intakes were monitored during 3 h treatment periods and for 2 h after. Each experiment used five, six or seven animals and the treatments were applied in a Latin Square design. Sodium acetate infusions of 1·8–11·0 mol in 4.5 litres water caused a dose-related depression in hay intake, the extent being 82 g dry matter (DM)/mol infused (P < 0·01). Sodium acetate infusions of 6·0–15·0 mol in 4·5 litres water caused a dose-related depression in silage intake of 118 g DM/mol infused. Rumen fluid pH for both diets was unaffected by treatment. Acetate and Na concentrations were increased and significantly negatively correlated with intake of both diets. Infusions of 2–8 mol sodium propionate caused a dose-related depression of hay intake which was significant when cow and day effects were accounted for. Sodium propionate infusions of 4–8 mol significantly depressed silage intake by 140 g DM/mol infused (P < 0·001). Rumen fluid pH was unaffected by treatment while propionate and Na concentrations were elevated and significantly negatively correlated with intake for both diets. Inflation of a rubber balloon in the rumen with 12.5–20 litres warm water resulted in a dose-dependent depression in hay intake of 66 g DM/1 distension (P < 0·05). There was significant overeating during the 2 h following the 20 litre treatment. With silage, 15–25 litres of balloon distension for 3 h resulted in a dose-dependent depression in intake of 28 g DM/l distension (P < 0·001). There was no significant overeating during the 2 h following distension. When given in physiological amounts, at the lower end of the range used in these experiments, acetate, propionate and distension of the rumen did not significantly affect hay intakes. However, in each case the linear relationship between intake depression and level of treatment suggested that these factors could contribute to the control of feed intake.

scholarly journals The voluntary intake of hay and silage by lactating cows in response to ruminal infusion of acetate or propionate, or both, with or without distension of the rumen by a balloon

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Mbanya ◽  
M. H. Anil ◽  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sodium Propionate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Water Infusion ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Control Water

In order to test the hypothesis that negative leedback signals from abdominal receptors are integrated in an additive manner in the control of voluntary food intake, cows with rumen fistulas were given intraruminal infusions of sodium acetate or sodium propionate, cr both, with or without distension of the rumen by balloon. Intakes were monitored during the 3 h experimental period and for 2 h after and samples of rumen fluid were taken for estimation of short-chain fatty acid concentrations and osmolality. Six cows in mid-lactation were fed on hay and concentrates and given, into the rumen. 5.5 mol sodium acetate, 5.2 mol sodium propionate and 7.51 of distension. Compared with the control (water infusion), neither acetate, propionate nor distension significantly depressed hay intake when given separately. When given in combination, however, the following significantly depressed intake during the 3 h treatment period: propionate + distension, acetate + distension, acetate + propionate + distension. Seven cows in early lactation were fed on silage and concentrates and given, into the rumen, 9.0 mol sodium acetate, 4.0 mol sodium propionate and 10.0 litres of distension. Again, none of the three given alone depressed silage intake to a significant extent during the 3 h treatment period, whereas the following combinations had a significant effect: propionate + distension, acetate + distension, acetate + propionate + distension. Basal rumen osmolalities were similar for the two types of feed but infusion of the sodium salts caused a very much greater increase with silage than with hay. The results are discussed with regard to the implications for our understanding of the control of voluntary intake and the likely role of chemo-, osmo- and mechano-receptors.

VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF SHREDDED NEWSPRINT BY DAIRY COWS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
J. H. BURTON ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
R. FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Shredded newsprint is a potential source of bedding for livestock, but because it may contain certain heavy metals and polychlorinated biphenyls significant voluntary consumption of newsprint by animals would be undesirable. To determine consumption levels, 18 Holstein cows in mid-lactation (average 19 wk) were used in a double latin square design. Squares represented access to shredded newsprint or chopped hay in the feed manger except during feeding time. Within squares, cows were allotted to each of three complete mixed rations over three 6-wk treatment periods. Rations comprised hay crop silage, corn silage, high moisture grain corn and soybean meal with roughage:concentrate ratios of 30:70 (LR), 50:50 (MR) and 70:30 (HR). Mixed rations were fed according to individual cow requirements for energy depending on body weight, milk yield and milk fat percent. Cows were allowed 4 h after each of two feedings per day to consume their allotted mixed ration. Voluntary consumption of newsprint was only 0.3 kg per cow per day or 2% of total dry matter intake while for those offered hay consumption was 2.6 kg∙cow−1∙day−1 or 15% of total dry matter intake. Intakes of mixed rations were unaffected by roughage:concentrate ratio or newsprint versus hay. However, total dry matter consumption (mixed ration plus newsprint or hay) was higher for cows offered hay (17.3 kg∙cow−1∙day−1) than for those offered newsprint (15.1 kg∙cow−1∙day−1). Levels of heavy metals in milk or blood samples of cows with access to newsprint were within normally accepted ranges. PCBs were at undetectable levels in all cases. Bedding cows with newsprint is unlikely to result in significant consumption or contamination of animals or their products. Key words: Lactating cows, newsprint consumption, heavy metals

scholarly journals AN EVALUATION OF STEAM-TREATED ASPEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CORN SILAGE IN THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-384
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Fifteen lactating Holsteins were used to test processed aspen added to corn silage at the levels of 0, 10 and 20% (dry matter basis). The experiment was designed as a latin square with three experimental periods each 42 days in length. The forage mixtures were fed free choice to the cows, which were housed in a free-stall barn, and their individual feed intakes were recorded by using electronic doors. The processed aspen contained 45.4% dry matter, 73.7% acid detergent fiber and 0.54% protein. There was no evidence of heating or mold growth in the aspen during the 5 mo of the trial. Silage dry matter intake and milk yield were 11.8, 13.4 and 13.4 and 25.7, 27.0 and 26.8 kg per day, respectively, for the silage mixtures containing 0, 10 and 20% processed aspen. Fat test was decreased slightly and milk protein content significantly (P < 0.05) depressed by the addition of 20% processed aspen chips to the corn silage. Efficiency of milk yield was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of aspen chips in the silage. Neither the molar proportion of acetic acid nor the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid in the rumen fluid was changed when the cows were fed silage containing processed aspen chips. The apparent digestibilities of total ration dry matter and protein were lowered significantly by the addition of 10% aspen chips to the forage mixture. It was concluded from the results of this trial that steam-processed aspen chips had little nutritive value when fed to lactating cows as a partial substitute for corn silage.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

Increasing magnesium intakes in relation to magnesium absorption in dry cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surasak Jittakhot ◽  
J Thomas Schonewille ◽  
Hugo Wouterse ◽  
Anton WJ Uijttewaal ◽  
Chalermpon Yuangklang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Earlier studies with temporarily isolated rumen of heifers show saturation kinetics of Mg efflux across the rumen wall. Therefore, we hypothesized that high Mg intakes would not further increase the rate of Mg absorption in cows. To test our hypothesis, six ruminally fistulated non-pregnant dry cows were given diets with different Mg concentrations in a 6×6 Latin square design. Desired concentrations of Mg were attained by adding MgO to the basal diet and the Mg concentrations in the total rations were 3·8, 6·4, 9·1, 11·8, 14·1 and 17·3 g Mg/kg dry matter, which provided Mg intakes of 27·1, 44·6, 64·6, 83·5, 100·4 and 124·3 g/d, respectively. Increasing Mg intakes were associated with increased (P<0·001) faecal Mg excretion. However, apparent Mg absorption expressed as g/d was not significantly different for Mg intakes from 100·4 to 124·3 g/d while Mg absorption expressed as a proportion of intake was not significantly different for Mg intakes ranging from 64·6 to 124·3 g/d. Mg concentrations in rumen fluid after feeding increased (P<0·001) with increasing Mg intakes. Apparent absorption of Mg appeared to become saturated at a ruminal Mg concentration of 17·5 mM (Mg intake of 83·5 g/d). Group-mean post-feeding concentrations of Mg and Na in rumen fluid were significantly correlated (Pearson's r=−0·96; P=0·003, n=6). This study showed that under conditions of practical dairy cow feeding, Mg absorption was maximal at Mg intakes [ges ]84 g/d.

Food intake and ruminal osmolality in sheep: differentiation of the effect of osmolality from that of the products of maize silage fermentation

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Phillip ◽  
J. G. Buchanan-Smith ◽  
W. L. Grovum
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Ruminal Contractions

SUMMARYFive rumen-cannulated Cheviot lambs were used in two successive experiments to differentiate the effect of osmolality from the specific effects of the soluble compounds in maize silage on voluntary intake and ruminal motility. In Expt 1, extracts from fresh (FCE) and ensiled (CSE) maize were adjusted to pH 6·5 andtonicities of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 m-osmol/kg with NaCl, then infused into the rumen according to a 5×5 repeated latin-square design. Water was infused as the control. In Expt 2 solutions of NaCl, with tonicities similar to those in Expt 1, were also infused into the rumen. The lambs were fed ad libitum a diet of pelleted lucerne, but on the morning of infusion they were deprived of food for 4 h and infused continuously for 4 h commencing after 1 h of food deprivation. The infusion of FCE and CSE resulted in no significant difference in cumulative dry matter (D.M.) intake. However, increasing the tonicities of the infusates caused a linear increase (P < 0·05) in ruminal osmolality and a corresponding linear reduction in food intake during the first 30 min of feeding. Infusion of NaCl alone produced a similar effect on intake. The linear regression coefficients of food intake (Y) (g D.M./kg W0·75) against rumen osmolality (X) (m-osmol/kg) were –0·077±0·0085 (r2 = 0·78), –0·082±0·0095 (r2 = 0·76) and –0·073±0·0065 (r2 = 0·84) for FCE, CSE and NaCl, respectively, with no significant differences among the infusates. The frequencies of ruminal contractions during the infusion of FCE and CSE were similar (P > 0·05) and were unaffected (P > 0·05) by ruminal osmolality up to 550 m-osmol.

A COMPARISON OF SUPPLEMENTAL FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Designed Experiment

Four yearling Holsteins were utilized in a 4 × 4 latin square designed experiment to assess the availability of phosphorus in four chemical forms: dicalcium phosphate; monocalcium phosphate; monoammonium phosphate and monosodium phosphate. The chemical form of supplement had no apparent effect on plasma levels of phosphorus, calcium or magnesium or on the fecal excretion of phosphorus. Dry matter intake and digestibility of dry matter were not influenced by chemical form of supplement but digestibility of the acid detergent fiber fraction was higher, 59.2 vs. 56.5, for monosodium phosphate compared with monoammonium phosphate. The molar proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly greater (P < 0.05) when monosodium phosphate was fed compared with the feeding of either monocalcium phosphate or monoammonium phosphate. Under the conditions of this experiment it was concluded that there were no differences in availability of phosphorus among the four chemical forms studied.

Effect of level of dietary potassium on the absorption and excretion of calcium and magnesium by lactating cows

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Fisher ◽  
N. Dinn ◽  
R. M. Tait ◽  
J. A. Shelford
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
High K ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Low K

This study was undertaken with the objective of providing more basic information on the absorption and excretion of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) by lactating cows when high levels of potassium (K) are fed. Employing potassium carbonate as the source of supplemental K, total mixed rations were formulated to contain 1.6 (low), 3.1 (medium) and 4.6% (high) K. The three rations were fed to 15 Holstein cows in mid-lactation in a 3 × 3 Latin square experiment replicated five times. The experimental periods were 21 d in length. Blood, rumen and milk samples were obtained during the 2nd and 3rd wk of each experimental period and two cows from each treatment group were subjected to total collection procedures for feces and urine during the last 4 d of each experimental period. Dry matter intake was 23.0, 23.8 and 22.3 kg d−1 for the cows fed the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the high compared to the low and medium K diets. Level of K in the diet did not influence the fat and protein content of the milk but Ca content was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. Plasma K levels were 15.0, 15.7 and 16.2 mg dL−1 while plasma Mg levels were 2.35a, 2.25ab and 2.17b mg dL−1 for cows on the low, medium and high K diets, respectively. The acetate to propionate ratio in the rumen fluid was wider (P < 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. The apparent absorption of Mg but not Ca was reduced with increasing levels of K in the diet. Both water consumption and urine output were greater (P < 0.05) for the cows fed the medium and high K diet compared with those fed the low K diet. The concentration of Ca and Mg in the urine dropped markedly and total excretion of Ca and Mg was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed the medium and high K diets compared with those fed the low K diet. It was concluded from the results of this study that high K levels in the diet interfere with absorption of Mg but not Ca. However, K did appear to interfere with the utilization of Ca as indicated by the lower amount of Ca in the milk and urine. Increasing K levels in the diet increased water consumption and urine output which has major implications for waste management. Key words: Lactating cows, excess potassium, calcium, magnesium

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