A COMPARISON OF SUPPLEMENTAL FORMS OF PHOSPHORUS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Fecal Excretion ◽  
Chemical Forms ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Designed Experiment

Four yearling Holsteins were utilized in a 4 × 4 latin square designed experiment to assess the availability of phosphorus in four chemical forms: dicalcium phosphate; monocalcium phosphate; monoammonium phosphate and monosodium phosphate. The chemical form of supplement had no apparent effect on plasma levels of phosphorus, calcium or magnesium or on the fecal excretion of phosphorus. Dry matter intake and digestibility of dry matter were not influenced by chemical form of supplement but digestibility of the acid detergent fiber fraction was higher, 59.2 vs. 56.5, for monosodium phosphate compared with monoammonium phosphate. The molar proportion of propionate in the rumen fluid was significantly greater (P < 0.05) when monosodium phosphate was fed compared with the feeding of either monocalcium phosphate or monoammonium phosphate. Under the conditions of this experiment it was concluded that there were no differences in availability of phosphorus among the four chemical forms studied.

scholarly journals 49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 55-56
Author(s):  
Noheli Gutierrez ◽  
Jamie A Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

Increasing magnesium intakes in relation to magnesium absorption in dry cows

2004 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surasak Jittakhot ◽  
J Thomas Schonewille ◽  
Hugo Wouterse ◽  
Anton WJ Uijttewaal ◽  
Chalermpon Yuangklang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Apparent Absorption ◽  
Post Feeding ◽  
Saturation Kinetics ◽  
Kinetics Of

Earlier studies with temporarily isolated rumen of heifers show saturation kinetics of Mg efflux across the rumen wall. Therefore, we hypothesized that high Mg intakes would not further increase the rate of Mg absorption in cows. To test our hypothesis, six ruminally fistulated non-pregnant dry cows were given diets with different Mg concentrations in a 6×6 Latin square design. Desired concentrations of Mg were attained by adding MgO to the basal diet and the Mg concentrations in the total rations were 3·8, 6·4, 9·1, 11·8, 14·1 and 17·3 g Mg/kg dry matter, which provided Mg intakes of 27·1, 44·6, 64·6, 83·5, 100·4 and 124·3 g/d, respectively. Increasing Mg intakes were associated with increased (P<0·001) faecal Mg excretion. However, apparent Mg absorption expressed as g/d was not significantly different for Mg intakes from 100·4 to 124·3 g/d while Mg absorption expressed as a proportion of intake was not significantly different for Mg intakes ranging from 64·6 to 124·3 g/d. Mg concentrations in rumen fluid after feeding increased (P<0·001) with increasing Mg intakes. Apparent absorption of Mg appeared to become saturated at a ruminal Mg concentration of 17·5 mM (Mg intake of 83·5 g/d). Group-mean post-feeding concentrations of Mg and Na in rumen fluid were significantly correlated (Pearson's r=−0·96; P=0·003, n=6). This study showed that under conditions of practical dairy cow feeding, Mg absorption was maximal at Mg intakes [ges ]84 g/d.

UTILIZATION OF LODGEPOLE PINE (Pinus contorta) MUKA (FOLIAGE) BY SHEEP

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-471
Author(s):  
R. M. TAIT ◽  
C. GASTON ◽  
J. R. HUNT ◽  
G. M. BARTON
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Alfalfa Meal

Eight sheep were used in two 4 × 4 latin square digestion trials substituting alfalfa meal with unsteamed or steamed muka (foliage) at levels of 20, 40 or 60%. Including muka at all levels depressed (P < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and acid detergent fiber compared with the control alfalfa meal diet. When calculated by difference, the digestibility of muka dry matter and organic matter was not affected (P < 0.05) by either the level of its inclusion in the diets or by steaming. The mean dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of muka were 29.2 and 30.4%, respectively. The protein content of muka was 5.0% and the estimated protein digestibility at the 60% level of inclusion was only 6.6%. With unsteamed muka, the digestibility of acid detergent fiber calculated by difference averaged −11.9%, suggesting the presence of factors which depressed the digestibility of fiber in the basal diet. Steaming appeared to reduce this depression. A growth trial was conducted with lambs where alfalfa meal, as the sole roughage source, was compared to the same diet with 20% of the alfalfa replaced by steamed muka. Growth rates were not different (P > 0.05) being 142 and 138 g/day, respectively. A taste panel evaluation of the carcasses found no adverse effects on flavor due to the inclusion of steamed muka in the diet. Key words: Lodgepole pine muka, nutritive value, sheep

AMMONIA OR UREA TREATMENT OF WHOLE HIGH MOISTURE SHELLED CORN

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. MOWAT ◽  
P. McCAUGHEY ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Starch Digestibility ◽  
Large Decrease ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Ground Corn

Treatments of high moisture shelled corn were compared in diets containing approximately 60% (dry matter (DM) basis) corn silage. In an initial digestibility trial, treatments were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 1.5% (wt/wt) mixture of acetic: propionic acid, whole; (3) 2% (wt/wt DM basis) anhydrous ammonia, whole. Treatments were evaluated with six yearling steers in a double 3 × 3 latin square design. Urea was included in the ensiled and acid-treated corn diets to supply sufficient nitrogen. Ammoniating whole corn resulted in similar starch and energy digestibilities compared to ensiled ground corn. However, a large decrease in starch digestibility occurred with acid-treated whole corn. Digestibility of acid detergent fiber was greater (P < 0.05) with both ammoniated and acid-treated whole than ensiled ground corn. In a feedlot trial, two high moisture corn treatments compared were: (1) ensiled, ground; (2) 3.7% (wt/wt DM basis) urea, whole. Eighty Hereford yearling steers compared the two corn diets each with or without monensin. Temperatures rose steadily within bins plateauing approximately 21/2 wk after storage. The amount of urea that hydrolyzed to ammonia varied depending upon location within bins. A total of 1.4% DM loss occurred during storage. Urea-treatment tended to slightly reduce liveweight gain and feed efficiency. Monensin decreased intake (P < 0.05) and slightly improved feed efficiency (P > 0.05) with both types of corn. Effects of monensin on rumen VFA were similar with both corn diets. Type of corn had no effect on rumen VFA proportions.

scholarly journals PSIX-20 Mechanisms of Programmed Nutrition in finishing cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 424-424
Author(s):  
Amanda P Schiff ◽  
Kyle McLeod ◽  
James L Klotz ◽  
Vaughn Holder ◽  
David L Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Mean Differences

Abstract Programmed Nutrition Beef Program (Alltech Inc.) is a supplement that could reduce the use of feed additives such as Monensin and Tylosin in feedlots. The objective of this study was to examine changes in rumen fermentation when feeding Monensin/Tylosin and Programmed Nutrition. Eight steers (BW = 363 ± 22 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment in a 2 x 2 factorial treatment structure where animals were fed a high-concentrate diet at 2.0 x NEm. Treatments were Control (C; conventional trace mineral supplement), Control + Monensin + Tylosin (MT), Programmed Nutrition (PN; Programmed Nutrition Beef Finisher), or Programmed Nutrition + Monensin + Tylosin (PNMT), incorporated daily to the diet at 75 g/day. Rumen pH was measured continuously for 48 h, rumen fluid was collected every 2 h for 48 h and analyzed for VFA. Dietary digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance were determined by collection of total urine and fecal output for 7 days, and indirect calorimetry for 48 h. Protein turnover was determined via 15N-glycine end-product method. The experiment was analyzed as a replicated Latin square design with mixed models of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc.). Mean differences were analyzed using LSD, rumen VFA and pH data were analyzed using repeated measures. There were no differences between treatments in DMI, ADG, dry matter digestibility and rumen pH. Addition of MT to the diet lowered fecal N output (P = 0.0092), ruminal valerate concentration (P = 0.0125) and molar proportion (P = 0.0235). When PN was fed in combination with MT it decreased ADF digestibility (P = 0.0342), protein turnover (P = 0.0211), protein synthesis (P = 0.0362) and protein degradation (P = 0.0292). Although no differences in ADG and dry matter digestibility were observed, significant metabolic changes occurred when supplementing PN with or without MT.

scholarly journals AN EVALUATION OF STEAM-TREATED ASPEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR CORN SILAGE IN THE RATIONS OF LACTATING COWS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-384
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Fifteen lactating Holsteins were used to test processed aspen added to corn silage at the levels of 0, 10 and 20% (dry matter basis). The experiment was designed as a latin square with three experimental periods each 42 days in length. The forage mixtures were fed free choice to the cows, which were housed in a free-stall barn, and their individual feed intakes were recorded by using electronic doors. The processed aspen contained 45.4% dry matter, 73.7% acid detergent fiber and 0.54% protein. There was no evidence of heating or mold growth in the aspen during the 5 mo of the trial. Silage dry matter intake and milk yield were 11.8, 13.4 and 13.4 and 25.7, 27.0 and 26.8 kg per day, respectively, for the silage mixtures containing 0, 10 and 20% processed aspen. Fat test was decreased slightly and milk protein content significantly (P < 0.05) depressed by the addition of 20% processed aspen chips to the corn silage. Efficiency of milk yield was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of aspen chips in the silage. Neither the molar proportion of acetic acid nor the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid in the rumen fluid was changed when the cows were fed silage containing processed aspen chips. The apparent digestibilities of total ration dry matter and protein were lowered significantly by the addition of 10% aspen chips to the forage mixture. It was concluded from the results of this trial that steam-processed aspen chips had little nutritive value when fed to lactating cows as a partial substitute for corn silage.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE ON THE DIGESTION OF BROMEGRASS CONSTITUENTS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. FRANKLIN ◽  
J. E. WINCH ◽  
G. K. MACLEOD
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Wall Components

A nylon bag technique was used to study the effect of concentrate feeding on the rate and extent of digestion of bromegrass constituents in eight fistulated sheep fed rations at or slightly above maintenance, at concentrate to bromegrass ratios of 3:97, 22:78, 44:56 and 66:34. The eight sheep were arranged in a double 4 × 4 latin square design with nylon bag incubation times of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Rations containing 44 and 66% concentrate depressed rumen digestion of bromegrass dry matter at both 24- and 48-h incubation times. The extent of digestion depression varied among sheep and was related to the animal's ability to buffer increases in rumen acidity. Digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose followed trends similar to that of dry matter. Rumen osmolality, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels appeared to have little relationship to bromegrass dry matter digestion. The apparent or total gut digestibility of cell wall components was not depressed. This suggested that additional digestion took place in the ileum, cecum and colon and that the proportion of concentrate supplementation may affect ruminal but not the total gut utilization of roughage at maintenance levels of intake.

NITROGEN METABOLISM AND FLOW OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS THROUGH THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF SHEEP FED FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED RAPESEED MEAL

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. W. G. NICHOLSON
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
True Protein

Four mature wether sheep weighing 45–50 kg and fistulated in the abomasum and in the terminal ileum with plastic cannulas were used to determine the effect of formaldehyde treatment of rapeseed meal on the digestibility of nutrients and flow of nitrogenous compounds through the gastrointestinal tract. The sheep were fed four pelleted diets containing 8 or 16% rapeseed meal treated with water or formaldehyde at 1 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein in a 4 × 4 latin square design. Urea was added to the diets containing 8% rapeseed meal at a level calculated to make all diets isonitrogenous; however, the actual N level of the formaldehyde-treated 8% rapeseed meal diet was somewhat higher than for the other diets. The animals were offered 600 g of feed twice daily at 12-h intervals. Formaldehyde treatment of rapeseed meal did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of crude protein or dry matter of the experimental diets. No significant differences were observed in total N excretion, or N retention among the four treatments. However, N retained, expressed as grams or as a percentage of absorbed N, for the diets containing formaldehyde-treated rapeseed meal tended to be higher than for the diets containing water-treated rapeseed meal. Formaldehyde treatment of the 16% rapeseed meal diets moderated the increases in rumen fluid ammonia and blood urea N levels following feeding. Formaldehyde treatment of the 16% rapeseed meal diet also increased the flow of dry matter, total N (P < 0.01), and true protein N (P < 0.05) in the abomasal digesta of sheep compared to those fed the water-treated rapeseed meal diet. A similar, but nonsignificant (P > 0.05), effect of the formaldehyde treatment was observed in the ileal digesta of the sheep.

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