scholarly journals Effect of previous nutrition on body composition and maintenance energy costs of growing lambs

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Ferrell ◽  
L. J. Koong ◽  
J. A. Nienaber
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

1. Forty-eight intact male lambs (30 kg) were fed to gain 16 (H), 5 (M) or –6 (L) kg during a 42 d interval (period 1). Lambs from each of the H and M groups were fed to gain either 16 (HH, MH), 5 (HM, MM) or –6 (HL, ML) kg and lambs from the L group were fed to gain 27 (LS), 16 (LH) or 5 (LM) kg during the ensuing 42 d (period 2).2. Fasting heat production (FHP) of four lambs from each treatment was determined at the end of period 2.3. Weights and compositions of the carcass, offal and digesta-free body as well as weights of major internal organs were determined for four lambs of each treatment at the end of periods 1 and 2.4. Within groups of lambs of similar weight at the end of period 2, body composition was, in general, similar, but FHP was greater in lambs that had been on higher planes of nutrition during period 2.5. Within groups of lambs of similar weight, lambs that were fed at higher planes of nutrition during period 2 had greater weights or proportions of liver, small intestine, large intestine and stomach.6. Neither weight of the liver, kidney, stomach, small intestine, large intestine nor daily fasting heat production were constant functions of body-weight. Relations of these traits to body-weight changed with rate of gain.7. Regression analysis indicated that the feeding of lambs at higher planes of nutrition during period 1 resulted in higher maintenance requirements of those lambs during period 2.

scholarly journals 221 Quantifying the relationship between fasting heat production and chemical empty body composition in sheep and cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-144
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Abstract Previous research indicates that animals of similar weight but greater protein mass have greater metabolic rate. The objective was to quantify the relationship between fasting heat production (FHP) and empty body composition in ruminants. A literature search was conducted to compile data on FHP and empty body composition. Seven studies using sheep or cattle consisting of 49 treatment means were found reporting FHP and chemical empty body composition. Data were analyzed with R statistical packages using mixed model methodology with study as a random variable. Given the strong correlations (r > 0.7) and high degree of multicollinearity (VIF > 30) among EBW, empty body protein (EBP) and empty body fat (EBF), LASSO regression was used to reveal that EBP was the important predictor of FHP. Allometric models (a*X^b) gave significant (P < 0.001) values for a and b of 74.3 ± 10.4 and 0.74 ± 0.02 for X = EBW (R2 = 0.963, RMSE = 432 kcal, AIC = 737), 227.7 ± 21.1 and 0.86 ± 0.02 for X = EBP (R2 = 0.972, RMSE = 375 kcal, AIC = 724), and 270.8 ± 75.9 and 0.75 ± 0.07 for X = EBF (R2 = 0.702, RMSE = 1219 kcal, AIC = 839), respectively. Log transformed models (lnFHP = lnX) gave significant (P < 0.001) values for intercept and slope of 4.47 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.02 for X = EBW (R2 = 0.979, RMSE = 0.088 lnkcal, AIC = -62.6), 5.61 ± 0.11 and 0.74 ± 0.03 for X = EBP (R2 = 0.973, RMSE = 0.096 lnkcal, AIC = -45.1), and 6.44 ± 0.19 and 0.33 ± 0.02 for X = EBF (R2 = 0.894, RMSE = 0.125 lnkcal, AIC = -13.8), respectively. A log transformed model including both EBP and EBF resulted in significant intercept (5.79 ± 0.14; P < 0.0001), lnEBP coefficient (0.56 ± 0.08; P < 0.0001) and lnEBF coefficient (0.09 ± 0.04; P = 0.02) with VIF of 8.3. The R2, RMSE and AIC of this model were 0.970, 0.088 lnkcal and -43.5; not improved over the model with EBP alone. In conclusion, EBP explained the variation in FHP as well or slightly better than EBW, and EBF did not significantly improve the prediction.

THE GROSS BODY COMPOSITION OF SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Laboratory Acclimation ◽  
Seasonal Extremes

The body composition in terms of fat, water, and protein has been determined for 115 deer mice (genus Peromyscus) of six racial stocks. The changes in composition that are characteristic of seasonal extremes and that accompany laboratory acclimation are presented. The composition of the fat-free body exhibits the constancy which has been found in other mammals. Body protein averaged 22.97% and body water 69.71% of the fat-free body weight. Body fat levels are shown to vary considerably among individuals and races. The highest fat levels occurred in the desert-adapted race (P. m. sonoriensis). The importance of considering body composition in comparative studies of metabolic rate is discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Fasting Duration and Body Weight on Fasting Heat Production in Growing Pigs

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 2333-2341 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Li ◽  
Q. Hu ◽  
F.L. Wang ◽  
X.S. Piao ◽  
J.J. Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fasting Duration ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

scholarly journals The influence of the intestinal microflora on disaccharidase activities in the chick

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
Marie E. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Lactase Activity ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Micro Organisms

1. Maltase sucrase, palatinase (the enzyme that hydrolyses palatinose, i.e. 6-o-α-D-gluco-pyranosyl-D-fructose) and lactase activities were measured in the small and large intestines of germ-free and conventional chicks given either a diet of purified ingredients or a practical chick mash.2. With the purified diet there were no differences in body-weight or small intestinal disaccharidase activities between germ-free and conventional chicks. With the chick mash the germ-free birds were heavier and had higher total amounts of maltase, sucrase and palatinase activities in the small intestine than did their conventional controls. When disaccharidase activities were expressed in terms of body-weight there were no differences between birds in the two environments. Enzyme activities were consistently higher in the birds given chick mash.3. Inclusion of milled fibre in the purified diet did not increase the weight or disaccharidase activities of the small intestine in either environment.4. Lactase was virtually absent from the small intestine of birds in both environments and from the large intestine of germ-free birds. There was appreciable lactase activity in the large intestinal contents of conventional chicks, and it was increased by inclusion of lactose in the diet.5. When lactose was the sole source of carbohydrate the birds grew poorly but mortality rate was less among conventional compared with germ-free chicks.6. It was concluded that the presence of micro-organisms has no direct effect on disaccharidase production in the small intestine of the chick. Microbial lactase is present in the large intestine, and at least some of the products of its action can be utilized by the bird.

Visceral organ growth patterns in Saanen goats

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 721-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. B. Andrade ◽  
C. J. Härter ◽  
M. Gindri ◽  
K. T. Resende ◽  
I. A. M. A. Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Visceral Organ ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Over Time

AbstractVisceral organs play an important role in animals' energy requirements, so their growth must be well understood. The objective of the current study was to fit and compare growth curves that best describe body and visceral organ growth over time in Saanen goats of different sexes. Data were synthesized from seven studies in which curves were fitted to visceral organ growth over time for female, intact male and castrated male Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg body weight. The liver, pancreas, spleen, rumen–reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) data were fitted to eight models: simple linear regression, quadratic, monomolecular, Brody, Von Bertalanffy, logistic, Gompertz and Richards. The best-fit model was chosen based on the corrected Akaike information criterion and the concordance correlation coefficient. Model parameters for each sex were compared. Overall, the model that best described visceral organ growth was the logistic model. Sex did not influence the parameters that predicted organ growth (g), except for MAT, where females presented a lower tissue deposition rate and greater inflection point than males. Irrespective of sex, at the beginning of the growth curve, the liver accounted for 28 ± 1.1 g/kg of empty body weight, and the inflection point occurred at 1.7 months. The rumen–reticulum and large intestine presented higher growth rates in the first 2 months of life. Knowledge of the visceral organ growth curve is useful in improving the understanding of the effect of nutritional requirements for goats and must be used to optimize the nutritional plans.

scholarly journals Major determinants of fasting heat production and energetic cost of activity in growing pigs of different body weight and breed/castration combination

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 509-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van Milgen ◽  
J. F. Bernier ◽  
Y. Lecozler ◽  
S. Dubois ◽  
J. Noblet
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Large White ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

A total of sixty-five observations on heat production during fasting and physical activity were obtained in four groups of pigs differing in breed and/or castration (Meishan (MC) and Large White (LWC) castrates and Large White (LWM) and Piétrain (PM) males) with body weight (BW) ranging between 25 and 60 kg. Pigs were fed ad libitum before fasting. Heat production was measured using indirect calorimetry. Fasting heat production (FHP) was proportional to the body weight raised to the power 0.55, but with group-specific proportionality parameters (810, 1200, 1220 and 1120kJ/kg BW0.55 per d for MC, LWC, LWM and PM respectively). Group effects could be removed by expressing FHP as a function of muscle, viscera and fat: FHP (kJ/d) = 457(muscle)0.81 + 1969(viscera)0.81 - 644(fat)0.81. It is hypothesized that different breeds with equal muscle and visceral mass, can have different FHP. The negative coefficient for fat would then be the result of a low FHP rather than a cause of it. Because a large part of the variation in tissue composition between groups was due to MC group, a separate equation for the lean groups was established. For lean pigs, FHP could be expressed as a function of muscle and viscera alone: FHP (kJ/d) = 508(muscle)0.66 + 2011(viscera)0.66. Both type of pig and BW affected the number of bouts of physical activities (i.e. standing or sitting) per day, the duration of activity and the total cost of activity. Energetic cost of activity was proportional to the muscle mass raised to the power 0.91 (FHPactivity (kJ/h activity) = 21.0(muscle)0.91). Physical activity represented less than 10% of the total heat production in fasting growing pigs housed alone in metabolic cages and kept in a quiet environment.

Seasonal variation in body composition of European roe deer

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Holand
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Life Strategy ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Mating Territories

Seasonal variations in whole-body composition of 43 European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) collected in the southeastern part of Norway were examined. Adult deer showed a defined annual cycle in both body weight and body fat reserves. Fat accumulated in September and October, reaching a maximum of 9.2% of the ingesta-free body weight in does and 10.3% in bucks, in late fall (November and December). The depletion phase started in early January and ended in April. No intersexual differences in amplitude or synchrony of body weight or fat cycle were observed. This contrasts with results in other temperate and northern cervids and could be due to differences in life strategy, particularly reproductive effort (midsummer rut, delayed implantation, and mating territories), in European roe deer.

Studies of weaner sheep during and after a period of weight stasis. II.* Body composition

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NMcC Graham
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
The Body ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weight For Age

Wether sheep (4 months old) were held at 20 kg liveweight by restricted feeding for either 4 or 6 months and then fed ad libitum. Body composition (total water, fat and protein) was estimated monthly from tritiated water (TOH) space measured in vivo, and on three occasions representative animals were slaughtered, minced and analysed. Composition at any given body weight was compared with that previously determined for animals grown without restriction (controls). Sheep slaughtered at the end of the period of weight stasis contained less protein and more water than the controls but contained a similar weight of fat. Previously derived prediction equations estimated water correctly from TOH space in these undernourished sheep, but protein was overestimated by 0.38 kg (17% of the mean) and fat was underestimated by 0.19 kg (10% of the mean). The body composition of animals slaughtered after partial or complete recovery of weight for age was normal for their weight and predictions were accurate. The sequential estimates of composition indicated that although the relationship between fat and weight differed between individuals, at any given body weight above 32 kg compensating animals and controls had a similar composition. *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 26: 343 (1975).

scholarly journals ACUTE THROMBOCYTOPENIA INDUCED IN DOGS BY ADMINISTRATION OF URETHANE (ETHYLCARBAMATE)

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 793-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. O. CRUZ ◽  
H. MOUSSATCHÉ
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Intestinal Hemorrhage ◽  
Typical Picture

Abstract 1. Dogs treated for one to two weeks with daily injections of urethane (ethyl carbamate) subcutaneously, in doses of 0.4 Gm. per Kg. of body weight, presented a typical picture of thrombocytopenic purpura. 2. The pathologic changes consisted in numerous purpuric lesions in the small intestine and a smaller number on the skin, heart, lung, cortical zone of the kidney, epiploon, and, rarely, on the stomach and large intestine. 3. The hematologic changes occurred in the following sequence: leukocytosis, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and finally acute anemia coinciding with severe intestinal hemorrhage. In the final phase, the coagulation time was normal and the bleeding time very much increased.

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