Nitrogen transactions in the digestive tract of lambs exposed to the intestinal parasite, Trichostrongylus colubriformis

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
A. Brewer ◽  
R. L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Small Intestines

1. Ten 5-month-old lambs (29 (SE 1.2) kg), reared parasite-free and prepared with rumen duodenal and ileal cannulas, were paired and given rations of Ruminant Diet AA6 (90 g/kg live Weight0.75) by means of continuous feeders. From 6 months of age one of each pair was dosed daily with 2500 Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae for 14 weeks. Untreated animals received the amount of ration consumed by their infected pair-mates the previous day.2. During three periods, ((1) the week before and the first 2 weeks of dosing with infected larvae, (2) during weeks 5–7 and (3) during weeks 11–13 of dosing) all lambs underwent a series of experiments to determine their nitrogen balance, the amounts of N leaving the small intestine, the amount of 51CrC13-labelled plasma protein leaking into the small intestines, and the disappearance of 35S-labelled bacteria from the small intestine.3. The infection caused varying degrees of feed refusal in all infected animals. As a result the values for N balance and for the flow of N at the ileum during the latter two periods were regressed against dry-matter intakes for each group in each period.4. The infection caused a reduction (P < 0.05) in N retention and increased (P < 0.05) flow of N at the ileum. The increase in N flow at the ileum of infected lambs was greater (P < 0.01) at weeks 11–13 of dosing (infected–control 3.6 g N/d (standard error of difference (SED) 0.57), P < 0.01) than at weeks 5–7 of dosing (infected–control 1.5 g N/d (SED 0.57), P < 0.05).5. There were no between-treatment or between-period differences in the disappearance of 35S-labelled bacteria from the small intestines of infected or control lambs, but the infection did cause an increase in plasma N leakage during both periods. During weeks 5–7 and 11–13, plasma N leakage in infected lambs was 1.1 g N/d (P < 0.01) and 1.7 g N/d (P = 0.056) respectively higher than that in the control lambs.6. A proportion of the endogenous secretions which enter the small intestine is likely to be resorbed before the ileum. It was calculated that to account for the extra non-ammonia-N (NAN) flow at the ileum up to 3–5 g NAN/d during weeks 5–7 of dosing and 15–20 g N/d during weeks 11–13 of dosing could have entered the small intestine as mucin and sloughed cells.7. The results seem to indicate that the nutritional penalty associated with the development of resistance to infection is greater than that associated with the primary infection.

Intake and utilization of food by growing lambs with parasitic damage to the small intestine caused by daily dosing with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
R. L. Coop
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Parasite ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Gross Efficiency ◽  
P Content ◽  
Ad Libitum

SummaryFour groups of eight lambs, 4 months of age and reared parasite-free from birth, were used to investigate the effect of the intestinal parasite Trichostrongylus colubriformis on the intake and efficiency of utilization of food, using balance trial and comparative slaughter techniques. One group (CI) was killed initially as control. Two further groups (ALC and ALI) were offered ad libitum a complete ruminant diet. The ALI group was dosed orally each day for 14 weeks with 2500 infective larvae. Sheep in a further group (PF) were individually paired to members of the ALI group, and given the same amount of food as their pair. Balances of nitrogen, Ca and P and the digestibility of dry matter and energy were determined for the ALI and PF groups during weeks 6–7 and 12–13 and after 98 days of infection the sheep were killed. The bodies of these and the CI and ALC sheep were analysed for water, fat, nitrogen, Ca and P contents.Parasitism reduced food intake over the whole experiment by 9%, but had no effect on the digestibility of energy or nitrogen. At the first trial the N balances of the ALI group were inferior to those of the PF group due to increased urinary N excretion, but there was no difference at the second trial. Ca and P balances of the ALI group tended to be inferior to those of the PF group at both trials. The weight gain of the ALI sheep was only 50 % of that of the PF sheep with the same digestible energy and protein intakes. The protein content of the gain in empty body weight of the ALI sheep was 80 g/kg compared with 112 and 124g/kg in the ALC and PF groups, respectively. Possible causes of the poor protein anabolism are discussed.The gross efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for growth was calculated to be 13·3 % in the ALI sheep, compared with 26·2 and 24·2 % respectively, in the ALC and PF groups. It was not possible to determine whether this was due to change in maintenance requirement or in efficiency of fattening.The Ca and P content of the skeletons of the ALC and PF sheep increased by 55 % during the 98-day period, while no net change occurred in the ALI sheep. It was concluded that this was caused by an induced mineral deficiency resulting from parasitic damage in the small intestine.

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

In a study with ten pigs of 60–70 kg live weight, provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and sixteen intact, non-cannulated pigs, the digestion and absorption of a dietary dose of 100 g isomalt/kg, and isomalt given between the meals as a ‘sweet’on the basis of 50 and 100 g/kg feed consumption, were examined. In all three isomalt treatments slightly less than 0.40 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine when the calculations were based on ileal sugar passage. However, when basing the calculations on energy contents of ileal chyme, only approximately 0.10 was digested in the small intestine. The bacterial fermentation of the isomalt flowing into the large intestine was indicated by a decreased faecal energy digestibility and a slight reduction in faecal dry matter and nitrogen digestibility. The retention of the minerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was not influenced to any measurable extent when isomalt was fed.

Worm burdens, acquired resistance and live weight gains in lambs during prolonged daily infections with Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Giles, 1892) Loos, 1905

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Chiejina ◽  
M. M. H. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Worm Burden ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Cure Reaction ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts

Three groups of lambs, aged 3, 5 and 6 months respectively, were infected daily with 5000 infective larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis for periods of 15–20 weeks. Some of the lambs also received a single challenge infection at the end of week 16. The course of the infections was monitored by means of faecal egg counts, measurement of live-weight gains and regular post mortem worm counts.There was an initial rapid increase in egg counts soon after patency, which was followed by an exponential fall in the counts in most lambs. This fall seemed to precede the expulsion of worms by a few weeks and was associated with reduced fecundity in the female worms. Furthermore, although the trend of the egg counts of some lambs suggested that a self-cure reaction had taken place, in a number of these lambs the low faecal egg counts did not reflect the size of their worm burden.Heavy worm burdens were usually associated with clinical symptoms of trichostrongylosis, including anorexia, diarrhoea and loss of weight. As the lambs developed resistance to reinfection and expelled their worm burden a rapid clinical recovery occurred, except in a few lambs which appeared to have suffered irreversible damage from the earlier heavy worm burden.The worm burden in most lambs appeared to be cumulative during the first 4–8 weeks before they developed a strong resistance to reinfection. There was considerable loss of the adult worm burden by 8–15 weeks after initial infection and some evidence of stunting in the remaining parasites.The immunological control of T. colubriformis infections in these lambs was achieved by means of the development of resistance to reinfection, inhibition of the ovulation of the female worms, stunting of adult worms and expulsion of adult worms by resistant lambs. These may be separate immune phenomena requiring different thresholds of parasitic material in individual animals, depending on their age, the rate and duration of infection and their innate ability to develop resistance to the parasite.

scholarly journals Changes in the composition of digesta during passage through the small intestines of steers

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Distal Ileum ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
No Removal ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
No Net Loss ◽  
Small Intestines

1. Dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogenous constituents, carbohydrate constituents and pH were estimated in digesta taken from eight different sites in the small intestines of slaughtered steers given different diets. Amounts of constituents passing different sites were compared using cellulose as a non-digestibte marker.2. Amounts of the different constituents entering the small intestines varied with the type of diet given but the patterns of removal of each constituent were similar regardless of diet.3. DM and OM were removed uniformly down the length of the small intestines. Net digestibilities of 0·62 and 0·63 for DM and OM respectively of the amounts measured in segment 1 digesta (first 3 m post-pylorus) were found at the terminal ileum. DM and OM contents of segment 1 digesta were 5 and 8% higher respectively than in abomasal digesta. Significantly smaller amounts of digesta were found in the proximal quarter of the small intestines than in more distal sections. There was a 10% addition of water to digesta in segment 1 compared with abomasal digesta. Of the water entering the small intestines a net 65% was absorbed therein, most absorption occurring in the first half.4. Ammonia nitrogen was removed uniformly down the length of the small intestines to a net extent of 75% of that in segment 1 digesta. There was an apparent increase of approximately 18% in the total N (TN) content of segment 1 digesta compared with abomasal digesta. There was an approximate net removal of 80% of the TN measured in segment 1 digesta during passage down the small intestines. Over 95% of the digestible TN was removed in the section of tract between 3 and 15 m from the pylorus. Net removal of nucleic acid N (NA–N) up to the distal ileum was 78% of that in segment 1 digesta, most removal occurred in the proximal quarter of the small intestine. Little or no net loss of diaminopimelic acid–N (DAP–N) occurred in the small intestine.5. Of the carbohydrates entering the small intestines, there was little or no removal of rhamnose, arabinose or xylose. Net removal of ribose, mannose, galactose and ‘starch’ glucose up to the distal ileum was 82, 76, 54 and 70% respectively of the amounts found in segment 1 digesta. All disappeared uniformly down the length of the small intestine.

8.5 Source of Protein Supplementation for Various Forages

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 166-168
Author(s):  
T. Smith ◽  
W. H. Broster ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Nitrogen Supplementation ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Series Of Experiments

To make the best use of forages, it is necessary to consider the need for, and source of, nitrogen supplementation of the diet. This paper describes a study of the use of spring barley straw and other forages in the diet of the dairy heifer between 9-18 months of age, 200-300 kg live weight and required to grow at 0.5-0.7 kg per day. In the feeding trials, fixed amounts of the diets were fed.In the first series of experiments, it was demonstrated that spring barley straw could supply up to 70% of the dry matter (DM) intake in mixed straw:concentrate diets when an adequate protein content was supplied. Thus, when fish meal was added, the required growth rates were obtained, as demonstrated in Figure 8.5.1 (Smith, Broster and Siviter, 1980), comparing favourably with estimates of energy requirements for growth (MAFF, 1975). With low straw (< 50%) diets, the response to fish meal was less.

scholarly journals RAPID FATTENING OF WEANED LAMBS

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Π. ΚΑΛΑΪΣΑΚΗΣ ◽  
Γ. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Agricultural College ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Digestible Protein

In a series of experiments, conducted at the Agricultural College of Athens with crossbred lambs (Friessian X local Attica breed) aged 2 to 3 days, were studied the requirements in energy and digestible protein for the production of lambs slaughtered at 30 to 32 Kg live weight and having carcass quality similar to that of heavy weight milkfed lambs. It was found that this can be achieved with 30 days of feeding with milk substitute and a total intake of 50.000 starch units, 5 : 1 ratio of starch units to digestible protein until 11 weeks of age and 6 : 1 subsequently until the end of fattening period (15 weeks). A linear relationship was found to exist 1) between 10 week live weight and starch units or dry matter intake, 2) between 15 week live weight and starch units or dry matter intake and 3) between 10 and 15 week live weight. These relationships provide the ways to be followed for further study on the subject.

The digestion of barley-based diets by cattle: the effect of feeding of three diets containing different amounts of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
JA Lindsay ◽  
HL Davies ◽  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Microbial N

Six growing cattle, with intestinal fistulae, were fed on barley-based diets to which were added increments of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal; the latter was substituted for whole-grain barley. The digestion of organic matter (OM), �-linked glucose polymer (starch), nitrogen (N) and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured at a restricted level of intake. The cattle were offered air-dried feed at 3.4 kg per head daily, or approximately ad libitum (i.e. 4.2 kg air-dried feed per head per day). The three diets contained 19.7, 27.8 or 42.9 g nitrogen (N) per kg and were fed in a Latin-square design. When the feed was offered ad libitum there was a significant increase in OM digestibility, from 78% on the lowest N diet to 84% on the highest N diet. Relatively large quantities of starch (140-477 g/day) entered and were apparently digested in the small intestine, especially on the 19.7 g N/kg dry matter (the highest starch diet) on ad libitum feeding. The molar proportions of VFA in rumen liquor largely reflected the amount of starch which was fermented in the rumen. The digestion of nitrogen was characterized by a net gain in flow to the duodenum compared with intake. There was a significant increase in the amount of N apparently digested in the small intestines on the 42.9 g N/kg dry matter diet. The proportion of microbial N at the duodenum declined as more formaldehyde-treated soybean meal was added to the diet. Compared with that of the lowest N diet, the amount of amino acids entering and being apparently digested in the small intestines doubled in the highest N diet, and the concentrations of plasma-free amino acids reflected this. The feed intake comparison indicated that differences in interpretations of digestion studies were likely if animals were fed solely at restricted intakes. The main discrepancies were in OM digestibility, starch digestion in the small intestine, the proportion of microbial N flow at the duodenum and in the estimation of amino acid absorption and requirement.

scholarly journals Nitrogen transactions along the digestive tract of lambs concurrently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta

1991 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Bown ◽  
D. P. Poppi ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Proximal Jejunum ◽  
Trichostrongylus Colubriformis ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Plasma Loss ◽  
Endogenous Protein

Twelve lambs, paired on the basis of live weight, were cannulated in the abomasum, in the proximal jejunum approximately 4 m distal to the pylorus and in the terminal ileum. Six were infected with 3000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3000 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae each day for 18 weeks and the remainder were pair-fed to individual infected lambs. All animals were offered ryegrass (Lolium perenne)–white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture, cut daily. Dry matter (DM) intake, live weight, faecal egg concentration, plasma pepsinogen and plasma protein concentrations were measured weekly. During weeks 7 and 17 after commencement of infection, the flow of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract was measured together with enteric plasma loss and true digestion and absorption of 125I-labelled albumin in the small intestine. DM intake was depressed by parasitism, being 1331, (se 70), 423 (se 32) and 529 (se 52) g/d during weeks 3, 7 and 17 respectively. The flow of nitrogen at the proximal jejunum and in faeces was increased by parasitism during week 7 and at the abomasum and ileum during week 17. Plasma protein-N loss (g/d) into the gastrointestinal tract was 0.68 (se 0.091) and 1.97 (se 0.139) during week 7, and 0.85 (se0.158) and 1.96 (se 0.396) during week 17, in control and infected sheep respectively. True digestion and absorption of albumin in the proximal small intestine, the site of infection, was very low (mean 0.08) and was not affected by parasitism. Between the abomasum and terminal ileum absorption of albumin was high (mean 0.87) and again was not affected by parasitism. It was calculated that of the total increase in endogenous protein passing from the ileum tract as a result of infection, plasma protein comprised only a small percentage (10–36%). The major proportion of digestion and absorption of protein occurred in the distal small intestine beyond the site of infection and was not affected by infection.

scholarly journals The First Record of Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) Tapeworms in Grey Wolf (Canis lupus)

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Jacek Karamon ◽  
Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg ◽  
Jacek Sroka ◽  
Ewa Bilska-Zając ◽  
Joanna Dąbrowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Sequence Comparison ◽  
First Record ◽  
Grey Wolf ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Counting Technique ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
First Time

The aim of this study is to confirm the presence and molecular identification of Echinococcus tapeworms in wolves from south-eastern Poland. An investigation was carried out on the intestines of 13 wolves from south-eastern Poland. The small intestines were divided into three equal segments. Each segment was separately examined using the sedimentation and counting technique (SCT). The detected Echinococcus tapeworms were isolated and identified by PCRs and sequencing (nad1 and cox1 genes). Additionally, DNA isolated from the feces of wolves positive for Echinococcus tapeworms was examined with two diagnostic PCRs. The intestines of one wolf were positive for E. granulosus s.l. when assessed by SCT; the intestine was from a six-year-old male wolf killed in a communication accident. We detected 61 adult tapeworms: 42 in the anterior, 14 in the middle, and 5 in the posterior parts of the small intestine. The PCRs conducted for cox1 and nad1 produced specific products. A sequence comparison with the GenBank database showed similarity to the deposited E. ortleppi (G5) sequences. An analysis of the available phylogenetic sequences showed very little variation within the species of E. ortleppi (G5), and identity ranged from 99.10% to 100.00% in the case of cox1 and from 99.04 to 100.00% in the case of nad1. One of the two diagnostic PCRs used and performed on the feces of Echinococcus-positive animals showed product specific for E. granulosus. This study showed the presence of adult E. ortleppi tapeworms in wolves for the first time.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

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