scholarly journals Nutrition–fertility interaction in lactating women of low income groups

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Prema ◽  
A. Nadamuni Naidu ◽  
S. Neelakumari ◽  
B. A. Ramalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Maternal Nutritional Status ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Group Population ◽  
The Mean

1. Duration of lactational amenorrhoea and interpreganancy interval were related to maternal body-weight in an urban low-income group population of 2250 women.2. Breast-feeding practices were similar in all the women, none of whom had received any nutritional intervention.3. In the study group the mean duration of lactation, lactational amenorrhoea and interpregnancy interval (months) were 20.7, 11.2 and 24.2 respectively.4. Mean duration of lactation was significantly shorter in women whose body-weights were over 55 kg. Duration of lactational amenorrhoea increased with increasing duration of lactation (r 0.5164).5. The duration of lactational amenorrhoea showed a progressive fall with increasing body-weight (r − 0.8139) even when duration of lactation was kept constant.6. The mean duration of post-partum amenorrhoea in women who did not lactate remained unaltered irrespective of body-weight.7. The findings suggest that maternal nutritional status modifies return of menstruation only in lactating women.

Comparison of Efficacy of Refrigerated Oxytocin with Oxytocin Kept at Room Temperature for the Prevention of Post-Partum Haemorrhage in Vaginal Deliveries in a Tertiary Care Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pandey U
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Postpartum Haemorrhage ◽  
Past History ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Postpartum haemorrhage is one of the leading causes of maternal death worldwide and it accounts for nearly one-quarter of all maternal deaths and almost half of all postpartum deaths in low-income countries. Primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the most common form of major obstetric haemorrhage. Materials and Methods: The study protocol was comprised of Consent, Measurement of Pre-delivery Hemoglobin, Administration of the Intervention, Measurement of postpartum blood loss and Measurement of Post-delivery (24-48 hours) Hemoglobin. Blood loss was measured using a calibrated drape. The drape was placed beneath the parturient buttocks and secured around her abdomen with ties. Blood loss was monitored for a minimum of one hour and was continued in the second hour in case of persistent bleeding. The drape with the collected blood was weighed on a scale. The weight of the drape and the container in which it is placed was deducted from the total recorded weight in order to obtain the weight of the blood collected in the drape. Blood loss weight in grams was converted to milliliters by dividing the figure in grams by 1.06 (blood density in grams per milliliter). Results: The cross tabulations were used to study the demographic, obstetrical and medical factors in women with obstetrical haemorrhage. Table 1 shows the selected sociodemographic characteristics of the study population. The mean age of cases and controls are 26.333.559 and 26.853.873 respectively. On comparison, they are statistically insignificant. (p=0.324). The educational, occupational and socioeconomic status was comparable between cases and controls (p >0.05). Table 2 shows Antenatal, intra-partum and post-partum data in cases and controls. Discussion & Conclusion: It is a study done in North India comparing the Oxytocin kept at room temperature with failure of maintenance of cold chain during transport and storage and the refrigerated Oxytocin. It is the common understanding and general training that Oxytocin must be stored in the refrigerator, failing which its efficacy reduces i.e. it, will not be effective in controlling PPH. During the study we compared the mean blood loss and change in hemoglobin levels in cases and control and despite the fact that major risk factor for PPH for example past history of PPH, past history of D&C, prolonged third stage labour duration, manual removal of placenta were comparable in both cases and controls, still the mean blood loss and change in hemoglobin values was more in cases than controls. This could be attributed to usage of market oxytocin which had failed cold chain maintenance resulted in less effective oxytocin in prevention of PPH, Hence causing more blood loss and drop in hemoglobin values. This shows the need of room temperature stable uterotonic drug in LMIC’s like ours. Recently room temperature stable carbetocin shows the potential as an effective uterotonic drug for the prevention of PPH. However according to various studies carbetocin cannot be used for induction or augmentation of labour so it cannot replace oxytocin fully, rather it acts as a part of collective PPH reduction strategy.

scholarly journals A Study on the Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Serving the Low-Income Group in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Nur Harena Redzuan ◽  
Amir Abidin Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
The People ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

A microfinance scheme was introduced in Malaysia in the year 1987 as one of the alternatives to poverty eradication strategies in the country by the government. Since then, several institutions have created to carry out the agenda of providing small loans to the low-income group to start up their small-scale business to generate more sources of income to support their household consumption. However, for a certain reason, the people still do not find microfinance an important tool to uplift their economic positions. Most of the low-income groups are still unaware of this golden opportunity tailored for them. Besides, the sustainability of these subsidized microfinance systems implemented by Malaysia had not been appropriately studied. This study explores the attractiveness of the products offered by microfinance institutions and emphasizes the option that the participants must start utilizing the product. This research also explores microfinance facilities that contain conventional finance element which is prohibited in Islamic trade. The study also discusses the measures and actions taken by microfinance institutions in serving the low-income group in Malaysia. This paper employs a qualitative method through interviews and content analysis. The report, journal publications, and other related documents were also analyzed in achieving the objectives. The study provides the impact that it may pave the way to an indistinct understanding of how Islamic microfinance institutions sustain their operations.

Breeding Biology of Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae) in Captivity.

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
R.T. Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reproductive Capability

The brushtail possum is a common arboreal marsupial that is well adapted to the Australian urban environment and to rearing in captivity. Data obtained from 100 female possums housed in a semi-captive colony over a 7 year period demonstrate the reproductive capability of this marsupial. The main breeding season is from March to June with a declining number of births occurring from July to October. The possums gave birth to 259 single young and one set of twins. The range of the lactation period was from 177 to 200 days with the birth of the subsequent young occurring at 188.4 ± 4.1 days post partum (SD, n = 5). The growth rate of the young female possum varied greatly after day 100 post partum, the mean body weight of possums at day 172, being 753.0 ± 76.2g (SD, n = 5) with a range of 685 to 851 g. Female possums, with a mean body weight of 2171 ± 388g, gave birth to their first litter on day 345.9 ± 69.3 days postpartum (mean, SD, n = 7). Although two female possums trapped in the wild were held in captivity for 64 and 63.4 months and one possum bred in captivity had a life span of 51.5 months, the mean life span was 21.0 ± 12.5 months (SD, n =3D 8), with a range of 14.3 to 51.5 months. This life span is very variable and it is of interest to determine if this is an artefact of captivity or is also observed in the wild.

The effect of body weight at calving on milk production and reproductive performance of Friesian × Zebu heifers

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Deresz ◽  
C. M. Jaume ◽  
M. R. de Carvalho ◽  
C. A. González
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTTwenty-six pregnant Holstein-Friesian × zebu heifers, arranged in pairs according to age, body weight, expected calving date and amount of zebu breeding, were allocated at random to two nutritional regimens during the last 12 weeks before calving. If was planned that the animals in treatment A should calve at a pre-calving live weight of 480 kg and those in treatment B should calve at 380 kg. The diet consisted of maize silage or elephant grass silage, soya-bean meal and minerals. During the first 21 days of the post-partum period both groups were given 6 kg concentrate per head daily. After this period, the feeding level was adjusted every 14 days according to the current milk yield. The mean total milk yields were 2132 kg and 1283 kg (P < 0·05) and the lengths of lactation were 239 days and 156 days (P < 0·01) for cows in treatments A and B, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments in the intervals from calving to first heat or calving to conception.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Impacts of Basic Social Health Insurance on Medical Expenditure: Evidence from China’s New Cooperative Medical Scheme

Healthcare ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang ◽  
He ◽  
Rozelle ◽  
Shi ◽  
Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Health Insurance ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
New Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽  
Health Group ◽  
Cooperative Medical Scheme ◽  
Low Income Groups

This paper examines the effects of China’s New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on medical expenditure. Utilizing the quasi-random rollout of the NCMS for a difference-in-difference analysis, we find that the NCMS increased medical expenditure by 12.3%. Most significantly, the good-health group witnessed a 22.1% rise in medical expenditure, and the high-income group saw a rise of 20.6%. The effects, however, were not significant among the poor-health or low-income groups. The findings are suggestive of the need for more help for the very poor and less healthy.

The Biology of the Common Sheath-Tail Bat, Taphozous-Georgianus (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae), in Central Queensland

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Jolly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean

A field study was carried out over a 4-year period on the common sheath-tail bat, Taphozous georgianus, in central Queensland. Mating occurred in late August and early September, and females gave birth to a single young in late November or early December. Females mated at about 9 months of age. Spermatogenesis commenced in males at about 9 months but they were not able to take part in mating until they were approximately 21 months old. Bats were born well furred with their eyes open, and weighed an average of 24% of their mother's post-partum weight. Young bats attained independence at 3-4 weeks old when they reached 50% of their mothers' body weight. At 3 months old young bats were within a few millimetres of adult dimensions. Marked seasonal variations in body weight resulted from the deposition of fat. Peak weights were recorded in April and minimum weights in September. The mean annual survivial rate was estimated to be 0.61. Mature males have a mortality rate substantially greater than females and this is reflected in a sex ratio strongly biased towards females in older bats. The sex ratio was nearly even in young bats. Most roost caves were occupied by less than 20 individuals. There was little difference between the temperature and humidity at which bats roosted, and the temperature and humidity of available roosts. Most bats were known from only one cave, and few movements of more than 2 km were recorded. Bats appeared to regularly relocate their roosting site, however, and they may have been utilising roosts outside the study area.

scholarly journals PENENTU PEMILIKAN TAKAFUL MIKRO DALAM KALANGAN KUMPULAN BERPENDAPATAN RENDAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-125
Author(s):  
Mohd Hafizuddin Syah Bangaan Abdullah ◽  
Rubayah Yakob ◽  
Azlia Asmira Ruslee
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Knowledge Level ◽  
Economic Shocks ◽  
Class Society ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Positive Effect

Polisi takaful yang berkonsepkan takaful mikro sudah lama diperkenalkan di Malaysia. Rasional kepada pembangunan konsep takaful mikro ialah untuk memastikan setiap lapisan masyarakat di Malaysia mampu memiliki perlindungan takaful, khususnya mereka yang berpendapatan rendah seperti B40. Namun begitu, pemilikan perlindungan takaful atau insurans dalam kalangan B40 masih amat rendah iaitu 4% sahaja. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji penentu kepada pemilikan takaful mikro dalam kalangan B40. Sampel kajian ini terdiri daripada 150 responden yang dipilih berdasarkan kaedah pensampelan tidak berkebarangkalian bertujuan. Hasil regresi logistik menunjukkan kesan positif perkhidmatan syarikat ke atas pemilikan polisi takaful mikro dalam kalangan B40. Walau bagaimanapun faktor lain seperti kemampuan kewangan, tahap pengetahuan, kebolehcapaian, dan pengaruh persekitaran didapati tidak mempengaruhi pemilikan takaful mikro. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberi input kepada pengendali takaful khususnya dan industri insurans dan takaful amnya dalam memperkemaskan dan mempertingkatkan kualiti perkhidmatan mereka bagi menggalakkan pembelian takaful mikro dalam kalangan B40. Usaha dan kerjasama daripada pihak pengendali takaful dalam menggalakkan isi rumah B40 membeli takaful mikro sangat diperlukan bagi menjadikan isi rumah B40 lebih berdaya tahan terhadap kejutan ekonomi yang berlaku dan seterusnya meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka ke arah masyarakat kelas menengah. Kata Kunci: B40, logistik, pemilikan, perkhidmatan, takaful   ABSTRACT Takaful policy based on the concept of micro takaful has been long introduced in Malaysia. The rational behind the development of micro takaful concept is to ensure each level of society in Malaysia would be able to have takaful protection, especially the low-income group such as B40. However, the ownership of family takaful or insurance protection plan among B40 remain low, at 4%. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the determinants of micro takaful ownership among low-income groups, known as B40. The sample of this study is 150 respondents, which is chosen based on purposive nonprobability sampling method. The logistic regression results show positive effect of company services towards micro takaful ownership among the B40. However, other factors such as financial capability, knowledge level, accessibility, and environmental factor do not influence the ownership of micro takaful. The results offer inputs for takaful operators in particular, and insurance and takaful industry, in general, to streamline and enhance service quality to promote the purchase of micro takaful among the B40. The efforts and cooperation from the takaful operators to encourage the B40 households to purchase micro takaful are essential to make B40 households more resilient against the economic shocks, and subsequently, improve their living standards towards middle-class society.   Keywords: B40, logistic, ownership, services, takaful   Cite as: Hafizuddin-Syah, B. A. M, Yakob, R., & Ruslee, A. A. (2019). Penentu pemilikan takaful mikro dalam kalangan kumpulan berpendapatan rendah [The determinant of microtakaful ownership among low income earners]. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(2), 101-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol4iss2pp101-125  

Abstract P210: Weight and Body Image Perceptions in Young, Low Income Adult Latinas with Imprecise Body Mass Index Classification

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jen Rinaldo ◽  
Erika Froelicher ◽  
Catherine Waters ◽  
Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo ◽  
Nancy Stotts
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Ideal Body Weight ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Ideal Body ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Mexican American women in the US have the second highest prevalence of overweight or obesity (78.2%), 44.8% are obese, yet little research has examined the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body satisfaction among young, low-income Latina adults. Objective: To examine the relationships between knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors about weight, body image and excess weight. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that (1) the women would incorrectly classify BMI; (2) the majority would be obese and (3) there is no difference in body satisfaction among those with and without excess weight. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 131 self-identified Latina women, ages 18 to 45 years was used from two Northern California clinics. An interview administered questionnaire assessed demographics, weight and body image. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square statistics, and logistic regression analysis. Results: While 31% (n=41) classified themselves as having a healthy BMI, 21% (n= 27) met the criteria. Although 58% (n=77) classified themselves as overweight, 46% (n=60) met the criteria. Although 2% (n=3) classified themselves as obese, 34% (n=44) were obese. The majority of women (67%; n=88) reported that they were not at their ideal body weight. Of those who wanted to lose weight, the mean number of pounds they would have to lose to be at their ideal body weight was 15.5 (± 16). The mean body dissatisfaction score of those with excess weight was 2.2 (± 1.1) and 0.74 (± 1.4) for those with healthy BMI. Conclusions: Most women underestimated their BMI category. Less than 6% (n=3) of obese women correctly classified themselves as obese. The misclassification and underreporting of excess weight was statistically significant (p≤ 0.05), pointing to a need for education about weight. Body dissatisfaction scores were higher in women with excess weight. Actual/current body silhouette sizes were statistically significantly associated with excess weight: (OR=2.78, 95% CI: 1.28, 6.04, p= 0.02).

Are Blood Lead Levels in the United States Still Declining? The US National Health Nutrition and Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2016

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin KW Lui ◽  
Man-Fung Tsoi ◽  
Tommy Tsang Cheung ◽  
Ching-Lung Cheung ◽  
Bernard MY Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lead Level ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background: Lead is toxic without a safe limit. The current upper reference blood lead level (BLL), 5 μg/dL, came from the 97.5th percentile in children aged 1-5 years in NHANES 2007-2010.Objectives: We studied the latest trend in BLL in US NHANES and estimated the proportion of children with BLL ≥5 μg/dL, which would inform the setting of an upper reference level.Methods: We analyzed 68877 participants (aged 1 to 85 years) with BLL measurements in NHANES 1999-2016 using SPSS complex sample module v25.0.Results: In NHANES 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016, the mean and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of BLLs (μg/dL) were 0.97 (0.96, 0.99), 0.86 (0.85, 0.87), and 0.82 (0.81, 0.83), respectively (P <0.0001). The estimated proportion (95% CI) of children aged 1-5 years with elevated BLL (EBLL) in 2011-2012, 2013-2014, and 2015-2016 were 2.0% (1.3, 3.0), 0.5% (0.4, 0.7), and 1.3% (0.8, 2.3), respectively (P=0.267). In 2015-2016, the proportion of children with EBLL was similar in high- and low-income groups (P = 0.9979). The estimated 97.5th percentile of BLL in children was 3.71 μg/dL in NHANES 2015-2016.Conclusions: BLL continued to decline in the overall US population. The disparity in BLL in children from higher and lower income families has decreased. Our findings support a reduction in the reference BLL, continual monitoring of population BLL and continual efforts to reduce environmental exposure to lead.

Does Lottery Advertising Exploit Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Markets?

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary O. Borg ◽  
Harriet A. Stranahan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Public ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract:Is it unethical to advertise lotteries? Many citizens think that states should not be actively promoting and encouraging the public to spend hard-earned dollars on a bet that they are virtually guaranteed to lose. Perhaps more importantly, business ethicists are concerned that lottery advertising may be targeting the most vulnerable markets: households with the lowest income and education levels. If this were true, then it would increase the already disproportionately large burden of lottery taxes on the poor. Fortunately, our research finds no evidence to support the contention that advertising is responsible for high rates of lottery participation and expenditures by lower income groups or that low-income groups are more affected by advertising than high-income groups. On the contrary, awareness of lottery advertising seems to be associated with a higher probability to play Lotto only for the middle income group. This means that lottery advertising may actually reduce the regressivity of lottery taxes.

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