scholarly journals The effects of dietary protein and non-protein nitrogen on liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the chick

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Davis ◽  
C. H. Martindale
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity

1. Diets containing varying levels of crude protein (CP) in the range 9.5–18.5% with and without supplements of diammonium citrate (DAC) as a source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) were given to 160 growing chicks from 2 to 4 weeks of age, and their livers were assayed for glumate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity.2. Growth rate and total liver protein were increased by raising the protein level from 9.5 to 18.5% CP. Chicks receiving 9.5 or 12.5% CP were heavier when they had also received 1.94% DAC. At 18.5% CP the addition of 3.88% DAC depressed growth.3. GDH activity per unit liver weight and total GDH activity increased with dietary protein level but there were no consistent responses to DAC supplements. It was concluded that liver GDH activity did not provide a useful index of the utilization of NPN.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Protein Level and Protein to Energi Ratio on the Growth of Swimming Crab Portunus pelagicus

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Malik Serang ◽  
M. Agus Suprayudi ◽  
D. Jusadi ◽  
I. Mokoginta
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Energy Ratio ◽  
Swimming Crab ◽  
Portunus Pelagicus ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Optimum Energy

<p>The extending of protein and energy of the Swimming crab should be on certain limit that could be give maximum growth. The objective of this research are to determine of the protein level and optimum energy ratio of protein (C/P) at <em>rajungan</em> (<em>Portunus pelagicus</em>). The Crab-5 (C-5) stage used in the experiment, maintained in the topless (volume of 2 liters), with density of 1 crab/glass. There were seven of the experimental diets namely A (protein of 30%; C/P of 8 kkal), B (30%; 9.5), C (35%; 8), D (35%; 9.5), E (40%; 8), F (40%; 9.5) and G (45%; 8) with extending of food are 5 time of daily. Complete randomize design with 2 of factor and 3 of replication use in the experiment. The results of this experiment showed that interaction of the protein level and the energy ratio of protein is influence to the growth rate of daily and retention of lipid. The D is the best in give of the growth rate of daily, the consumption of food, the retention of protein, and the frequency of moulting (P<0.05).</p> <p>Keywords:  Protein level, protein to energy ratio, growth, <em>rajungan</em></p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar protein dan rasio energi optimum dalam pakan yang menghasilkan kinerja pertumbuhan rajungan yang terbaik. Rajungan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah stadia Crab-5 (C-5). Rajungan dipelihara dalam toples volume dua liter air yang diisi air sebanyak 1 liter dengan padat lebar 1 ekor per toples. Pakan yang digunakan sebagai pakan percobaan terdiri atas 7 jenis yakni A (protein of 30%; C/P of 8 kkal), B (30%; 9,5), C (35%; 8), D (35%; 9,5), E (40%; 8), F (40%; 9,5) and G (45%; 8). Pemberian pakan dilakukan sebanyak 5 kali sehari sampai rajungan kenyang. Rancangan Percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi kadar protein dan rasio energi protein pakan mempengaruhi laju pertumbuhan harian dan retensi lemak. Pakan D memberikan laju pertumbuhan harian, konsumsi pakan dan retensi protein tertinggi. Sementara frekuensi moulting yang tinggi juga dicapai pada perlakuan pakan D.</p> <p>Kata kunci: Level protein, rasio energi protein, pertumbuhan, rajungan</p>

EFFECTS OF BARLEY HULLS, DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL AND WEIGHT OF PIG ON DIGESTIBILITY OF CANOLA MEAL FED TO FINISHING PIGS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 493-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. BELL ◽  
M. O. KEITH
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
True Energy

A factorial digestibility experiment with three dietary levels of canola meal (CM) (0, 15, 30%), two levels of barley hulls (0, 25%) and two basal diets (approximately 10 and 19% crude protein, CP) was conducted using crossbred pigs over the weight range 45 – 90 kg. Diets contained 0.5% chromium oxide as a fecal marker. Inclusion of barley hulls improved the apparent digestibility of dietary CP (83.3% with hulls vs. 81.9% without hulls) and of corn CP (74% for corn, 76% for corn + hulls). True digestibility of CP in corn was also improved (75% for corn, 90% for corn + hulls). The energy and CP components of barley hulls were 40 and 57% digestible, respectively. The digestibility values for CM were: CP 80% (apparent) and 85% (true); energy 68%; nonprotein energy 55% and these were not affected by the presence of barley hulls. Digestibility improved as the pigs matured; each 10-kg weight increase was associated with 0.65 and 0.37 percentage units increase in digestibility of CP and energy, respectively, but these values may be lower than those normally encountered because of the use of casein for adjusting dietary CP levels in this experiment. It is suggested the barley hulls may possess two opposing properties, one that depresses digestibility of protein by increasing metabolic fecal nitrogen output and which is related to the neutral detergent fiber component, and another that in some way enhances the digestibility of protein. Key words: Canola meal, barley hulls, protein level, digestibility, pigs

scholarly journals Optimum dietary crude protein requirement for juvenile cachama Piaractus brachypomus

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2183-2189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wálter Vásquez-Torres ◽  
Manoel Pereira-Filho ◽  
Jose Alfredo Arias-Castellanos
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Order Polynomial

A growth experiment was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein requirement for juvenile cachama, Piaractus brachypomus. Six semi-purified isoenergetic experimental diets using casein and gelatin as protein sources were formulated to contain graded levels of protein (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36%). Fish initially averaging 15.52±0.33g (mean±SD) were randomly distributed into the tanks (500L) as groups of 20 fish and fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 60 days. The results showed that feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, fish weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value were affected by dietary protein level (P<0.05) . No significant differences were observed in proximal composition of carcass (P<0.05) in response to dietary protein. Analysis of dietary protein level x WG with a second order polynomial regression suggested a requirement of 31.6% CP for optimum growth.

scholarly journals Effects of different dietary of protein and lipid levels on the growth of freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium carcinus) broodstock

2014 ◽  
pp. 3921-3929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Benítez-Mandujano ◽  
Jesús T. Ponce-Palafox
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Experimental Treatments

ABSTRACTObjective. Evaluate the effects of varying dietary protein and lipid levels on the growth and body composition of adult freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus 1758), in a recirculation system for 11 weeks (77 days). Materials and methods. The experimental treatments were assigned in triplicate. Six test diets were formulated with three different protein levels (35, 40 and 45%) and two lipid levels (8 and 13%). Results. The highest survival rate, growth indices and feed utilization were observed for M. carcinus adults fed protein:lipid diets of 35:13, 40:13 and 45:13, and the lowest values for these parameters were recorded for prawns fed diets with the lowest lipid levels; the differences in these parameters between these types of diets were significant (p<0.05). A nonsignificant tendency for an increased percentage of protein in the body with an increased dietary protein level was observed. The percentage of lipids decreased with an increasing dietary protein level, and no definite trends in ash content were found. Conclusions. The results suggest that a diet with 35% dietary crude protein and 13% lipids enhances the growth and body composition of adult M. carcinus.

The relative protein and energy requirements of boars, gilts and barrows

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (87) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Taverner ◽  
RG Campbell ◽  
RH King
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

Two experiments were conducted to study the response of boars, gilts and barrows to increasing levels of dietary crude protein and digestible energy. In the first experiment boars, gilts and barrows were fed diets ranging in crude protein from 14.6 to 22.7 per cent in restrictive amounts between 20 and 70 kg liveweight. Growth rate and food conversion efficiency measurements ranked the sexes in order of superiority as boars, gilts and barrows. Boars contained more lean in their hams than gilts or barrows and had lower back fat measurements than barrows. Although analysis of variance indicated there was no significant sex by protein interaction, the multiple regression equations of growth rate and the proportion of lean in the ham for the three sexes were significantly different from one another. The response curves based on the regression equations indicated that for optimum growth, boars and gilts required 19.6 per cent crude protein whereas barrows required only 18.4 per cent crude protein. The proportion of lean in the ham was maximized with 21 per cent crude protein for boars and 20 per cent crude protein for the gilts and barrows. There was a significant quadratic relationship between economic returns and dietary protein. The relationship was the same for boars and gilts and significantly different from that for barrows; returns were maximized at approximately the same protein level as growth rate for the three sexes. In the second experiment, 30 boars and 30 gilts were allocated to 30 treatment groups involving the two sexes, three levels of digestible energy (14.59, 15.51 and 16.22 MJ kg-1) and five levels of crude protein (18.2, 19.4, 20.6, 21.8 and 23.0 per cent). All diets were fed restrictively and pig performance was compared over the liveweight range 20 to 80 kg. Boars grew significantly faster, had a significantly lower food conversion ratio and produced leaner carcases than gilts. Increasing the DE level of the diet improved growth rate and food conversion efficiency but reduced carcase quality. Dietary protein level had no effect on any performance or carcase quality measurement.

Effect of castration and dietary protein level on growth and carcass composition in beef cattle

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Robertson ◽  
H. Paver ◽  
J. C. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Fixed Weight

SUMMARYThirty-six Hereford cross Friesian calves weighing on average 82.4 kg at an average age of 90 days were allotted in randomized blocks to a 2 x 3 factorial design. Castration by the open method was performed on half the number of calves and three dietary crude protein levels, 20, 14 and 11 % in dry matter were used in a mainly cereal concentrate diet fed ad libitum individually to the animals in stalls. Slaughter was at a fixed weight of approximately 420 kg.Steers compared with bulls gained weight at a significantly slower rate and with less efficiency. Castration's greatest effect in reducing rate of gain occurred during the later stages of rearing when puberty in the bulls, as measured by a steep rise in seminal fructose, was associated with their relatively well maintained live-weight gain. The influence of testicular hormones was also apparent in the bull's carcass with its heavier head, horn and hide and significantly higher proportion of lean and lower proportion of fat in the side.Dietary protein level affected rate of gain in both bulls and steers but at each level bulls performed better than steers. With circumstances similar to those in this experiment, a 14 % crude protein level in concentrate dry matter appears adequate for both categories up to a live weight of circa 270 kg and a reduction to 11 % thereafter. The effect of protein level on tissue proportions of the side and carcass composition generally was minimal.

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