Constraints on violating constraints

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tucker Childs
Keyword(s):  
Functional Explanation ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Word Category ◽  
Fair Game ◽  
The Common ◽  
Linguistic Constraints

This paper examines the contradictory demands of using language expressively and still qualifying as language, proposing a functional explanation for the form of words in a linguistic word category. Being expressive requires expending more energy, emitting a more robust signal to convey additional information about the speaker, the perception of an event, etc. Doing so requires violating the common linguistic constraints of everyday language, yet to be recognized as language requires that one’s speech obey these same rules. How speakers satisfy these demands tells us about language in both its function and form. The resolution of this dilemma requires the use of suprasegmental rather than segmental features, e.g., a wider range of and more varied use of F0. Because prosodic features are more susceptible to manipulation, they provide the resources for expressivity. Segmental parameters cannot be so easily violated, though manipulating phonotactics remains fair game. Thus we see that there are constraints on violating constraints.

scholarly journals Design of an experimental four-camera setup for enhanced 3D surface reconstruction in microsurgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Marzi ◽  
Andreas Wachter ◽  
Werner Nahm
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithms ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
The Common ◽  
Visualization Systems ◽  
Compact Design ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFuture fully digital surgical visualization systems enable a wide range of new options. Caused by optomechanical limitations a main disadvantage of today’s surgical microscopes is their incapability of providing arbitrary perspectives to more than two observers. In a fully digital microscopic system, multiple arbitrary views can be generated from a 3D reconstruction. Modern surgical microscopes allow replacing the eyepieces by cameras in order to record stereoscopic videos. A reconstruction from these videos can only contain the amount of detail the recording camera system gathers from the scene. Therefore, covered surfaces can result in a faulty reconstruction for deviating stereoscopic perspectives. By adding cameras recording the object from different angles, additional information of the scene is acquired, allowing to improve the reconstruction. Our approach is to use a fixed four-camera setup as a front-end system to capture enhanced 3D topography of a pseudo-surgical scene. This experimental setup would provide images for the reconstruction algorithms and generation of multiple observing stereo perspectives. The concept of the designed setup is based on the common main objective (CMO) principle of current surgical microscopes. These systems are well established and optically mature. Furthermore, the CMO principle allows a more compact design and a lowered effort in calibration than cameras with separate optics. Behind the CMO four pupils separate the four channels which are recorded by one camera each. The designed system captures an area of approximately 28mm × 28mm with four cameras. Thus, allowing to process images of 6 different stereo perspectives. In order to verify the setup, it is modelled in silico. It can be used in further studies to test algorithms for 3D reconstruction from up to four perspectives and provide information about the impact of additionally recorded perspectives on the enhancement of a reconstruction.

Oxford Textbook of Old Age Psychiatry

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Memory Clinics ◽  
Old Age Psychiatry ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ethics Of Caring

Taking a global approach by highlighting both the common burdens and the differences in management from country to country, The Oxford Textbook of Old Age Psychiatry, Second Edition includes information on all the latest improvements and changes in the field. New chapters are included to reflect the development of old age care; covering palliative care, the ethics of caring, and living and dying with dementia. Existing chapters have also been revised and updated throughout and additional information is included on brain stimulation therapies, memory clinics and services, and capacity, which now includes all mental capacity and decision making.

Providing Integrated Care for Pain and Addiction (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Wartenberg
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Integrated Care ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Addiction Medicine ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Pain Syndromes ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Common

The central premise of this chapter on providing integrated care for both pain and addiction is that all patients presenting with pain are at risk for development of substance use disorders. Assessment and treatment of the complex interplay between pain syndromes and substance use disorders proceed most productively by employing an integrated model, with a multidisciplinary approach and with employment of multiple diagnostic instruments. The author describes an integrated care model as it applies to each of the common substances of use: opioids, tobacco, alcohol, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, barbiturates, and stimulants. The basis for a decision to refer for evaluation or treatment is described. The chapter concludes with an argument for collaboration between disciplines, notably pain medicine and addiction medicine, as being the current standard of acceptable care for patients whose illnesses dwell in both camps. A separate text box provides additional information and resources bearing on this chapter’s topics.

scholarly journals New Information on the Madagascan Middle Jurassic Sauropod Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis

Geosciences ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Miky Lova Tantely Raveloson ◽  
Neil D. L. Clark ◽  
Armand H. Rasoamiaramana
Keyword(s):  
Middle Jurassic ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Neural Spine ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
New Information ◽  
Bone Fragments ◽  
The Common

The systematic position of the Middle Jurassic sauropod Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis is not fully understood due to a lack of useful anatomical detail. Despite many new bone fragments from the axial skeleton, post-cranial skeleton, and a hind limb having been previously unearthed, its systematic position has not yet been satisfactorily established. Although this Malagasy taxon is only recognised by two autapomorphies located in the scapula and coracoid, two features of the neural spine, which are reported here, provide additional information on the common autapomorphies shared with the British genus Cetiosaurus. A full description of the femur and neural spine helps to determine some aspects of its relationship to other similar taxa. Remains of Lapparentosaurus madagascariensis have been recovered from mixed facies that may have been deposited in a shallow water lagoon during a transgressive period in the Isallo IIIb subunit in the Majunga Basin.

Implementation of mid-scale fire regime condition class mapping

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Provencher ◽  
Jeff Campbell ◽  
Jan Nachlinger
Keyword(s):  
Fire Regime ◽  
Reference Conditions ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Big Sagebrush ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
The Common ◽  
Data Layers ◽  
Fire Regime Condition Class ◽  
Natural Range Of Variability

We used mid-scale Fire Regime Condition Class (FRCC) mapping to provide Hawthorne Army Depot in the Mount Grant area of Nevada, USA, with data layers to plan fuels restoration projects to meet resource management goals. FRCC mapping computes an index of the departure of existing conditions from the natural range of variability, and consists of five primary steps: (1) mapping the Potential Natural Vegetation Types (PNVT) based on interpretation of a soil survey; (2) refining PNVTs based on additional information; (3) modelling the natural range of variability (NRV) per PNVT; (4) using field verification, calculation and mapping of departure of current distribution of structural vegetation classes interpreted by remote sensing (IKONOS 4-m resolution satellite imagery) from the NRV; and (5) mapping structural vegetation classes that differ from reference conditions. Pinyon–juniper and mountain mahogany woodlands were found within the NRV, whereas departure increased from moderate for low and big sagebrush PNVTs and mixed desert shrub to high for riparian mountain meadow. Several PNVTs showed departures that were close to FRCC class limits. The common recommendation to reach the NRV was to decrease the percentage of late-development closed and cheatgrass-dominant classes, thus increasing the percentage of early and mid-development classes.

The Shape of Fairness

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-214
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Penner ◽  
Richard Lehrer
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Mathematical Thinking ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Fair Game ◽  
Shadow Cast ◽  
The Common ◽  
Similar Triangles ◽  
The Way

Shape and form are often used as mathematical models of situations. For example, teachers explain that light travels in a line or that the shadow cast by a person is related by similar triangles to that cast by a flagpole. Yet despite the common use of mathematical models in the sciences and in design professions, children rarely have the opportunity to participate in this form of mathematical thinking. In this article, we describe how first and second graders modeled a “fair” playing space in a game of tag called “Mother, may I?” The children modeled the playing space by using a succession of different forms, such as lines and squares, to represent a fair game, discovering along the way the properties of each of the forms that made them less-than-ideal models of fairness. Participation in the game gave the children many opportunities to think about important concepts in measuring length and the idea of using form to model a situation.

STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: V. SPIDERS (ARANEIDA)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Arthropod Fauna ◽  
The Common ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Sweep Net

AbstractThe spider fauna of alfalfa was studied at Ithaca, N.Y., in three experimental plots and in nearby fields during 1966–69. As part of an overall study of the arthropod fauna of alfalfa, the spider populations in the study plots were recorded weekly during visual examination of the terminal 6 in. of five stems for 100 plants in each of the plots. Additional information was obtained from sweep-net and pitfall trap collections in the study plots and from sweeping several commercial plantings. The spider fauna of alfalfa was found to consist of 78 species, 10 of which were collected only from the ground layer. Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz and Dictyna volucripes Keyserling were the most abundant species found in the weekly samples. Notes on the seasonal occurrence, location on the plants, and feeding habits are given for the common species.

scholarly journals Implementation of the Digital Sales Channel in the Coatings Industry

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1168
Author(s):  
Eva Krhač Andrašec ◽  
Benjamin Urh ◽  
Marjan Senegačnik ◽  
Tomaž Kern
Keyword(s):  
Data Entry ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Sales Channel ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Sales Channels ◽  
Sales Process ◽  
Direct Data ◽  
The Common ◽  
Potential Customers

The development process in the coatings industry can be shortened by digital transformation, and its costs can be reduced using a technical enabler. However, formulators need up-to-date and comprehensive data on existing and potential ingredients to develop the formulation. We were curious about how to supply formulators with data. The idea was that suppliers of ingredients provide data using the “common enabling technology”. We hypothesize that direct data entry compensates suppliers because they can shorten the sales process and increase sales. We used a survey to select key sales channels in the industry. Detailed process models were designed using structured interviews. We analyzed models using structural and operational indicators. Finally, we formed a new digital sales process and verified it. The results show that the digitally formatted sales process can be shortened by up to 32%. Simultaneously, more potential customers can be accessed using the common technology. Existing sales channels would not be closed down. Nevertheless, the digital sales channel is expected to prove its worth over time and gradually increase its share. The suppliers of ingredients can thus avoid a radical process transformation and the immediate integration of additional information technology into the company information system in such an evolutionary way.

scholarly journals Internet since decades - but no globally searchable data

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 070-072
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Orthuber
Keyword(s):  
Digital Information ◽  
Number Sequence ◽  
Text Search ◽  
Similarity Comparison ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Binary Format ◽  
The Common ◽  
Global Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Machine Readable

The usability of digital information on the internet strongly depends on its searchability. There are search engines for global language based text search, but language based information representation has only limited value, e.g. concerning reproducibility, comparability, precision. Searchable digital information can be much more. Any piece of digital information is a number sequence. We can define the binary format and value set resp. domain of every number online. Then universal information transport is possible by the online defined "Domain Vector" (DV) data structure: "UL plus number sequence". At this "UL" is an efficient link to the machine readable online definition of the number sequence. The UL also is global identifier of a certain kind of data. The online definition includes additional information, e.g. for similarity comparison of the number sequence. With this a universal numeric search engine can provide precise user defined worldwide search of DVs like in a globalized database. All users can participate. Together we can optimize online definitions and provide defined data as DVs. Initially it is necessary to build a first attractive online presence where users can provide online definitions. We should stay in contact to optimize together the common standard for machine readable online definitions and DVs.

scholarly journals Videnskab og hverdagssprog. Grundtvigs betragtning af modersmålet i teori og praksis, belyst ved hans afhandling Om Ordsprog

1990 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-85
Author(s):  
Bodil Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
Linguistic Style ◽  
The People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Native Tongue

Science and everyday language. Grundtvig’s View of his Native Tongue in Theory and in Practice. As Illustrated by his Article - Om Ordsprog (On Proverbs) 1817By Bodil SchmidtPreserved in the Grundtvig archives are several collections in Grundtvig’s own handwriting of proverbs and popular sayings. In his magazine - Dannevirke - he argued for the preservation of this treasure of Danish proverbs, and urged his readers to assist in their collection.In his demand for a strengthening of the native tongue, Grundtvig was at one with his contemporary romantic poets and philosophers. His article argues for the originality of the Danish language and at the same time protests against the theories that it descends from Icelandic or German. Since his aim is practical, Grundtvig’s article is written in a less philosophical and polemical language than most of the other articles in the magazine. After a lengthy introduction criticising the position of poetry in the 18th century, Grundtvig defines the concept of “proverb” and lists the areas in which proverbs are of importance: language, morals, poetry, history. He follows this with a detailed guide as to how they could be collected. He makes the point, amongst others, that proverbs are useful in the translation of the ancient chronicles of Saxo and Snorre, which he was currently working on. He declares that the aim of his scientific efforts was to protect and enrich the Danish language so that it was qualified to re-awaken the Danish national spirit.A comparison of certain quotations with the common themes of Grundtvig and his colleague in the field, Christian Molbech, shows a marked difference in linguistic style. Where Grundtvig’s language is living, popular and concrete, Molbech’s is academic, stiff and abstract. The quotations included also reveal a decisive difference in the two writers’ view of the people and in their understanding of what the spirit of the people (folkelighed) actually is. Molbech regards “the rough peasant” as a natural creature with no real consciousness and therefore one whom there is no point in trying to enlighten, whereas Grundtvig believes that though the people may be idle and apathetic, they can and must be re-awakened.According to the author of the article there is a parallel between Grundtvig’s attack on the contemporary language of philosophy and our current debate on language being defined politically or ideologically. For Grundtvig, it was obvious that whoever wishes to be understood should use clear and unambiguous language, as close to everyday language as possible. The author asks why, in spite of the advances of science, democratic Denmark should accept that contemporary philosophers, theologians, sociologists and humanists employ a language that we only half understand. Do the Danes still doubt their basic common sense to distinguish between what is true and false? She quotes the proverb: All that glitters is not gold.

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