A neurobiological basis for decision making in language pragmatics

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Conversational Interaction ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Social Decision Making

In the nervous system, the orbitofrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the body proper are involved in personal and social decision making. Since normal conversational interaction involves making personal and social decisions on a moment to moment basis about what to say and how to say it, it is proposed that these areas of the nervous system, which subserve stimulus appraisal, attachment, affect regulation, and social cognition, also subserve decision making in language pragmatics.

Social Decision-Making: Insights from Game Theory and Neuroscience

Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 318 (5850) ◽  
pp. 598-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Sanfey
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Affective Factors ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Competitive Games ◽  
Social Decision Making

By combining the models and tasks of Game Theory with modern psychological and neuroscientific methods, the neuroeconomic approach to the study of social decision-making has the potential to extend our knowledge of brain mechanisms involved in social decisions and to advance theoretical models of how we make decisions in a rich, interactive environment. Research has already begun to illustrate how social exchange can act directly on the brain's reward system, how affective factors play an important role in bargaining and competitive games, and how the ability to assess another's intentions is related to strategic play. These findings provide a fruitful starting point for improved models of social decision-making, informed by the formal mathematical approach of economics and constrained by known neural mechanisms.

The Effect of 5-HT2A/1a Agonist Treatment On Social Cognition, Empathy, and Social Decision-making

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.H. Preller ◽  
T. Pokorny ◽  
R. Krähenmann ◽  
I. Dziobek ◽  
P. Stämpfli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Social Decision Making

scholarly journals Porównanie zasad sprawiedliwości dystrybutywnej

Etyka ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 153-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Lissowski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Pareto Optimality ◽  
Extreme Points ◽  
Optimality Principle ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Maximin Rule ◽  
Social Decision Making

The purpose of the article is to draw comparisons between the major normative rules of distributive justice. This comparison is based on a kind of distribution of goods which is sometimes called the problem of pure distribution, i.e. the distribution of a homogeneous, infinitely distributable good in a situation when claims of different persons on the distributed good were in no way differentiated. This problem is defined against the background of typology of problems of goods distribution. Normative rules of distributive Justice are defined formally as social welfare functionals. Eight rules of justice are distinguished: the rule of the utilitarian, Rawls’s maximin rule, Rawls’s lexicographical maximin rule, the maximax rule of the conservatives, the rule of lexicographical maximax of the conservatives, Nash’s rule, and two rules advanced by egalitarianists which differ by the meaning attributed to equality of distribution (equal utility or equal size of the good, accorded to individual persons in result of the distribution). Premises underlying the construction of these rules of justice and which indicate the measurement of preferences and possibilities of interpersonal comparisons are discussed. The same justice rules are also presented graphically. The method of the comparison amounts to examining if a certain set of ethical postulates is fulfilled by the rules under consideration. Several ethical postulates concerning the distribution of goods are formulated. Some of them define conditions any method of evaluating inequality of distribution of goods should fulfil. The remaining postulates involve more general requirements put to methods of making social decisions. Theorems about the fulfilment or nonfulfilment by individual rules of distributive justice of the considered ethical postulates are presented in a recapitulating table. The author demonstrates that almost a1l justice rules fulfil general postulates put to methods of social decision making. Nash’s rule and the two rules of the egalitarians are the exceptions, as they do not fulfil the postulate of separability with respect to unconcerned individuals. Besides, the two rules of the egalitarians do not fulfil the Pareto optimality principle. Significant differences between rules of distributive justice become manifest only when you compare way they fulfil ethical postulates concerning the manner of evaluating the inequality of the distribution. With regard to this set of postulates, they can be arranged along a definite continuum, with Rawls’s lexicographical maximin — the radical egalitarian rule, and the lexicographical maximax of the conservatives – the radical conservative rule as the extreme points of this continuum.

The Neurobiology of Trust and Social Decision-Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan B. Engelmann ◽  
Ernst Fehr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Neuroscience ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
Economic Considerations

There is accumulating evidence suggesting that emotions can have a strong impact on social decision-making. However, the neural mechanisms of emotional influences on choice are less well understood to date. This chapter integrates recent results from two independent but related research streams in social neuroeconomics and social neuroscience, which together identify the neural mechanisms involved in the influences of emotions on social choice. Specifically, research in social neuroeconomics has shown that social decisions, such as trust-taking, involve commonly ignored emotional considerations in addition to economic considerations related to payouts. These results are paralleled by recent findings in social neuroscience that underline the role of emotions in social interactions. Because anticipatory emotions associated with social approval and rejection can have important, but often ignored, influences on social choices the integration of emotions into theories of social decision-making is necessary.

Membuat Siswa Lebih Produktif Dalam Berbahasa “Accountable Talk”

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Herlambang Andi Prasetyo Aji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Authoritative Knowledge ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Accountable Talk ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Social Decision Making

<p><em>Abstrak - </em><strong>Fokus penelitian ini adalah tentang istilah <em>accountable talk</em> dalam berbahasa dan penerapannya dalam kelas. Istilah ini sering muncul dalam disiplin ilmu inovasi psikologi pendidikan. <em>Accountable talk</em> adalah tentang bagaimana membuat bahasa percakapan peserta didik lebih produktif dalam ranah akademik dan sosial. Signifikansi penelitian ini adalah seringkali ketidak mampuan bernalar dengan baik menghalangi proses pembelajaran melalui pembicaraan. Beberapa pertanyaan paling mendasar dari penelitian ini adalah tentang bagaimana cara membuat siswa dapat berbicara untuk pengambilan keputusan sosial dan untuk mempelajari disiplin akademik yang kompleks. Untuk mengembangkan keduanya dalam kapasitas individu dan masyarakat sehingga dapat menggunakan bahasa secara produktif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (<em>library research</em>), yakni suatu penelitian yang pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah <em>interdisciplinary approach</em> yaitu pendekatan yang menggunakan tinjauan berbagai sudut pandang ilmu yang serumpun. Berbicara menggunakan bahasa yang dapat membangun sebuah pikiran sangatlah penting dalam pengambilan keputusan sosial dan dalam mempelajari disiplin akademik yang komplek. Yang terpenting adalah bagaimana seseorang membuat percakapan yang rasional sehingga mudah untuk dipelajari oleh semua orang. Para siswa tidak hanya dituntut untuk menguasai tubuh pengetahuan otoritatif saja (teori), tetapi juga harus bisa menggunakan bahasa yang baik, sehingga membuat mereka lebih produktif lagi dalam disiplin ilmu.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract </em>- <strong>The focus of this research is about the term accountable talk in the language and its application in the classroom. This term often appears in the disciplines of educational psychology innovation. Accountable talk is about how to make the language of conversation of students more productive in the academic and social realms. The significance of this research is that often the inability to reason properly prevents the learning process through conversation. Some of the most fundamental questions from this research are about how to make students able to speak for social decision making and to study complex academic disciplines. To develop both in the capacity of individuals and communities so that they can use the language productively. This research is library research (library research), which is a study in which data collection is done by collecting data from various literatures. The approach used is an interdisciplinary approach which is an approach that uses a review of various perspectives of allied science. Speaking using language that can build a mind is very important in social decision making and in learning complex academic disciplines. The important thing is how someone makes a rational conversation so it's easy for everyone to learn. Students are not only required to master the body of authoritative knowledge (theory), but also must be able to use good language, thus making them more productive in scientific disciplines.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords - </em></strong><em>Accountable, Language, Student</em></p>

Trust and Approachability Mediate Social Decision Making in Human-Robot Interaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 704-708
Author(s):  
Stephanie Tulk ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Humanoid Robots ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Human Likeness ◽  
Social Decision Making

As humanoid robots become more advanced and commonplace, the average user may perceive their robotic companion as human-like entities that can make social decisions, such as the deliberate choice to act fairly or selfishly. It is important for scientists and designers to consider how this will affect our interactions with social robots. The current paper explores how social decision making with humanoid robots changes as the degree of their human-likeness changes. For that purpose, we created a spectrum of human-like agents via morphing that ranged from very robot-like to very human-like in physical appearance (i.e., in increments of 20%) and measured how this change in physical humanness affected decision-making in two economic games: the Ultimatum Game (Experiment 1) and Trust Game (Experiment 2). We expected increases in human-like appearance to lead to higher rates of punishment for unfair offers and higher ratings of trust in both games. While physical humanness did not have an impact on economic decisions in either of the ex-periments, follow-up analyses showed that both subjective ratings of trust and agent approachability medi-ated the effect of agent appearance on decision-making in both experiments. Possible consequences of these findings for human-robot interactions are discussed.

Modeling the Genetics of Social Cognition in the Laboratory

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Ebstein ◽  
Songfa Zhong ◽  
Robin Chark ◽  
Poh San Lai ◽  
Soo Hong Chew
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Cognition ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Behavioral Economic ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social Decision Making

This chapter examines recent advances in the genetics of social cognition, discussing evidence from twin studies that confirm the relevancy of genetic hard wiring in understanding many social phenotypes, with important implications for the social sciences and for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that may identify specific genes contributing to a wide range of social phenotypes, genoeconomics, and individual and social decision making. Stressing the importance of phenotype definition and precise measurement as key to success in GWAS, the authors argue that laboratory-based behavioral economic paradigms using ethnically homogenous student populations generate the best prospects for successful GWAS. Also discussed are the neurochemical/neurogenetic architecture of behavioral economic games that measure individual and social decision making and the considerable progress made in unraveling the neurogenetics of human parenting and the beginning of a political attitudes neuroscience. The authors’ own GWAS is used to present a set of guidelines for future research directions.

scholarly journals Membuat Siswa Lebih Produktif Dalam Berbahasa “Accountable Talk”

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Herlambang Andi Prasetyo Aji
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Authoritative Knowledge ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Accountable Talk ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Social Decision Making

<p><em>Abstrak - </em><strong>Fokus penelitian ini adalah tentang istilah <em>accountable talk</em> dalam berbahasa dan penerapannya dalam kelas. Istilah ini sering muncul dalam disiplin ilmu inovasi psikologi pendidikan. <em>Accountable talk</em> adalah tentang bagaimana membuat bahasa percakapan peserta didik lebih produktif dalam ranah akademik dan sosial. Signifikansi penelitian ini adalah seringkali ketidak mampuan bernalar dengan baik menghalangi proses pembelajaran melalui pembicaraan.Beberapa pertanyaan paling mendasar dari penelitian ini adalah tentang bagaimana cara membuat siswa dapat berbicara untuk pengambilan keputusan sosial dan untuk mempelajari disiplin akademik yang kompleks. Untuk mengembangkan keduanya dalam kapasitas individu dan masyarakat sehingga dapat menggunakan bahasa secara produktif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan (<em>library research</em>), yakni suatu penelitian yang pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan menghimpun data dari berbagai literatur. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah <em>interdisciplinary approach</em> yaitu pendekatan yang menggunakan tinjauan berbagai sudut pandang ilmu yang serumpun. Berbicara menggunakan bahasa yang dapat membangun sebuah pikiran sangatlah penting dalam pengambilan keputusan sosial dan dalam mempelajari disiplin akademik yang komplek. Yang terpenting adalah bagaimana seseorang membuat percakapan yang rasional sehingga mudah untuk dipelajari oleh semua orang. Para siswa tidak hanya dituntut untuk menguasai tubuh pengetahuan otoritatif saja (teori), tetapi juga harus bisa menggunakan bahasa yang baik, sehingga membuat mereka lebih produktif lagi dalam disiplin ilmu.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract </em>- <strong>The focus of this research is about the term accountable talk in the language and its application in the classroom. This term often appears in the disciplines of educational psychology innovation. Accountable talk is about how to make the language of conversation of students more productive in the academic and social realms. The significance of this research is that often the inability to reason properly prevents the learning process through conversation. Some of the most fundamental questions from this research are about how to make students able to speak for social decision making and to study complex academic disciplines. To develop both in the capacity of individuals and communities so that they can use the language productively. This research is library research (library research), which is a study in which data collection is done by collecting data from various literatures. The approach used is an interdisciplinary approach which is an approach that uses a review of various perspectives of allied science. Speaking using language that can build a mind is very important in social decision making and in learning complex academic disciplines. The important thing is how someone makes a rational conversation so it's easy for everyone to learn. Students are not only required to master the body of authoritative knowledge (theory), but also must be able to use good language, thus making them more productive in scientific disciplines.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords - </em></strong><em>Accountable, Language, Student</em></p>

scholarly journals Breaking human social decision making into multiple components and then putting them together again

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Suzuki ◽  
John O'Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Behavior Modeling ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Neuroimaging Data ◽  
Social Decision Making

Most of our waking time as human beings is spent interacting with other individuals. In order to make good decisions in this social milieu, it is often necessary to make inferences about the internal states, traits and intentions of others. Recently, some progress has been made to uncover the neural computations underlying human social decision-making by combining functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging (fMRI) with computational modeling of behavior. Modeling of behavioral data allows us to identify key computations necessary for decision-making and how these computations are integrated. Furthermore, by correlating these computational variables against neuroimaging data, it has become possible to elucidate where in the brain various computational variables are implemented during social decision making. Here we review the current state of knowledge in the domain of social computational neuroscience. Findings to date have emphasized that social decisions are driven by multiple computations that are conducted in parallel and which are implemented in distinct brain regions. We suggest that further progress is going to depend on identifying how and where such variables get integrated in order to yield a coherent behavioral output.

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