Phylogeny of the Pteropodidae (Mammalia, Chiroptera) Based on Dna Hybridization, With Evidence for Bat Monophyly

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAW Kirsch ◽  
TF Flannery ◽  
MS Springer ◽  
FJ Lapointe
Keyword(s):  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Dna Hybridisation ◽  
Ordinal Level

We constructed DNA-hybridisation matrices comparing 18 genera of Megachiroptera and an outgroup microchiropteran, and eight species of Pteropus and two related genera. Three species each of Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera, two of Primates, and an outgroup armadillo were compared in another matrix; additional representatives of other mammalian orders figured in a further set of experiments. Among the megachiropterans examined, Nyctimene and Paranyctimene comprise the sister-group to other pteropodids. Of the 'macroglossines', only Macroglossus and Syconycteris are associated apart from typical pteropodines, while the four remaining nectar-feeders (Eonycteris, Megaloglossus, Melonycteris, Notopteris) are independently linked with non-nectar-feeding clades. Thus, Megaloglossus is the nearest relative of Lissonycteris, with Epomophorus and Rousettus successive sister-groups to both, while Eonycteris is the sister of all four; Melonycteris and Pteralopex form a trichotomy with the closely related Acerodon and Pteropus, and Notopteris is the sister-taxon to all four. It therefore appears that anatomical specialisations for nectar- and pollen-feeding evolved (or were lost) several times within Pteropodidae. Cynopterus and Dobsonia represent additional clades within the Pteropodinae, with which Thoopterus and Aproteles are respectively paired. Comparisons among species of Pteropus and related genera suggest that Acerodon may be congeneric with Pteropus, but that Pteralopex clearly is not. The ordinal-level matrices support bat monophyly: no order tested is closer to either of the chiropteran suborders than they are to each other, and bats are separated from Primates by at least two nodes. On the basis of previous rate determinations for mammals, we estimate that the African grouping (Epomophorus, Megaloglossus, Lissonycteris) is mid-Miocene in origin, that the two major pteropodid subfamilies (Nyctimeninae and Pteropodinae, including 'Macroglossinae') separated in the Early Miocene, and that the divergence of chiropteran suborders dates from the latest Cretaceous or earliest Palaeocene. Arrangement of genera within Pteropodidae supports the family's Australo-Pacific or south-east Asian origin.

Dna-Dna Hybridization Studies of Carnivorous Marsupials .2. Relationships Among Dasyurids (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAW Kirsch ◽  
C Krajewski ◽  
MS Springer ◽  
M Archer
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Sminthopsis Crassicaudata ◽  
Dna Hybridisation ◽  
Before And After

A suite of comparisons among ten radiolabelled dasyurid species and one outgroup bandicoot was generated using the hydroxyapatite chromatography method of DNA-DNA hybridisation; comparisons were also made with four other dasyurid taxa. Square matrices of DELTA-T(m)s, DELTA-Modes, and DELTA-T50H's were complied and corrected for reciprocity, additivity, and, in the case of DELTA-T(m)'s, normalised percentages of hybridisation. These matrices were analysed using the FITCH algorithm in Felsenstein's PHYLIP (Version 3.1), and all distinct topologies were jackknifed to test for internal consistency. Additionally, uncorrected DELTA-T(m), DELTA-Mode, and DELTA-T50H datasets were bootstrapped and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to assess measurement imprecision. FITCH trees from folded matrices including unlabelled species or those for which heteroduplex comparisons were incomplete were also calculated and jack-knifed, both before and after correction. With the exception of limited measurements to Dasyuroides byrnei and Dasykaluta rosamondae, which showed affinities with Dasyurus spp., the final tree was fully resolved: Sminthopsis crassicaudata and S. murina, together with the more distant Planigale maculata, are the sister-group to all other dasyurids examined, which in turn comprise two clades. One of these includes Dasyurus, Dasyuroides, and Dasykaluta; the other, 'true' Antechinus (A. flavipes, A. stuartii, A. swainsonii) as a sister-group to Antechinus melanurus plus Murexia longicaudata, with Phascogale tapoatafa representing a probable sister-group to all Antechinus with Murexia. DNA-DNA hybridisation provides no support for the genus Satanellus: most of the trees linked Dasyurus albopunctatus with D. maculatus instead of D. hallucatus. Similarly, Antechinus flavipes and A. stuartii appear to be closer to each other than either is to A. swainsonii. The historical biogeographic significance of the adopted phylogeny is considered, and it is concluded that the putative early Miocene separation of Australia and New Guinea was probably too early to account for the independent evolution of the New Guinean clade.

DNA-DNA Hybridization and the Position of Leadbeater Possum (Gymnobelideus-Leadbeateri Mccoy) in the Family Petauridae (Marsupialia, Diprotodontia)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Edwards ◽  
M Westerman
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Bootstrap Analysis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Branch Lengths ◽  
Dna Hybridisation ◽  
Optimal Tree ◽  
Microcomplement Fixation ◽  
Leadbeater's Possum

The diprotodontian family Petauridae is composed of two subfamilies: Petaurinae (gliders) and Dactylopsilinae (striped possums). Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) has generally been placed among the petaurines on the basis of morphological, particularly dental, characters. Recent microcomplement fixation data, however, suggest that G. leadbeateri is a sister group to the Dactylopsilinae. We report DNA-DNA hybridisation comparisons among Leadbeater's possum, two dactylopsilines, two petaurines, and an outgroup pseudocheirid. Phylogenetic analysis of these data support the basic dichotomy between petaurines and dactylopsilines, and suggest that G. leadbeateri is more closely related to dactylopsilines. Resolution of this relationship, assayed by bootstrap analysis, is limited, but branch lengths on the optimal tree suggest a rapid initial diversification of three lineages within the Petauridae: dactylopsilines, petaurines and G. leadbeateri.

scholarly journals Communicating in the Face of Racism: Infinitive v. Gerund Verbal Complements in English

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Pao
Keyword(s):  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Asian Americans ◽  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
Lesson Plan ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Immigrants ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Teaching Technique ◽  
The Face ◽  
Esl Learners

As COVID-19 continues to spread across the country, Asian Americans and Asian immigrants have experienced an increase in racist attacks. This paper presents a lesson plan that is intended to help English as a Second Language (ESL) learners of East Asian origin communicate in the face of racial discrimination. In addition to outlining this teaching technique, the article provides a linguistic analysis of the lesson plan’s grammatical focus: the distinction between infinitive and gerund verbal complements. The author argues that the Bolinger Principle, a theory that articulates the reasoning behind this distinction, provides an effective and meaning-informed teaching strategy for teaching infinitives and gerunds. The purpose of the article is to offer guidance for teachers who may wish to use this form-focused technique in their own classrooms. Keywords: ESL, racism, Asian immigrants, infinitive complements, gerund complements, Bolinger Principle

scholarly journals Comparative morphology of the mouthparts of the megadiverse South African monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini): feeding adaptations and guild structure

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Karolyi ◽  
Teresa Hansal ◽  
Harald W. Krenn ◽  
Jonathan F. Colville
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Feeding Preferences ◽  
Floral Tissue ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
Pollen Feeding ◽  
Pollinating Insects ◽  
Flower Visiting ◽  
Feeding Adaptations

Although anthophilous Coleoptera are regarded to be unspecialised flower-visiting insects, monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini) represent one of the most important groups of pollinating insects in South Africa’s floristic hotspot of the Greater Cape Region. South African monkey beetles are known to feed on floral tissue; however, some species seem to specialise on pollen and/or nectar. The present study examined the mouthpart morphology and gut content of various hopliine species to draw conclusions on their feeding preferences. According to the specialisations of their mouthparts, the investigated species were classified into different feeding groups. Adaptations to pollen-feeding included a well-developed, toothed molar and a lobe-like, setose lacinia mobilis on the mandible as well as curled hairs or sclerotized teeth on the galea of the maxillae. Furthermore, elongated mouthparts were interpreted as adaptations for nectar feeding. Floral- and folial-tissue feeding species showed sclerotized teeth on the maxilla, but the lacinia was mostly found to be reduced to a sclerotized ledge. While species could clearly be identified as floral or folial tissue feeding, several species showed intermediate traits suggesting both pollen and nectar feeding adaptations. Mismatches found between mouthpart morphology and previously reported flower visiting behaviours across different genera and species requires alternative explanations, not necessarily associated with feeding preferences. Although detailed examinations of the mouthparts allowed conclusions about the feeding preference and flower-visiting behaviour, additional morphological and behavioural investigations, combined with greater taxon sampling and phylogenetic data, are still necessary to fully understand hopliine host plant relationships, related to monkey beetle diversity.

scholarly journals Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Bing Yao ◽  
Chuan-Chao Wang ◽  
Xiaolan Tao ◽  
Lei Shang ◽  
Shao-Qing Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Genetic Evidence ◽  
Asian Origin

Conceptual Foundations

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-31
Author(s):  
Paul Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Martial Arts ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
Media Representation ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
The Core ◽  
Cultural Power ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 1 starts by interrogating the Oxford English Dictionary’s treatment of the term ‘martial arts’ as a way to broach the book’s concerns. Today, the idea that the term ‘martial arts’ is associated with practices that are ‘mainly of East Asian origin’ is contentious. But this chapter sets out how and why these connotations emerged. It goes on to deepen the case for the relationship between history and analysis within this work, to set out the core argument about the cultural power of media representation, and to lay out the ways in which its ensuing chapters will support the argument that ‘martial arts’ is a recently invented, variegated, and variable ‘discursive entity’.

scholarly journals P220 Behcet"s disease with right ventricular aneurysm

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Stoodley ◽  
D Tanous
Keyword(s):  
Right Ventricular ◽  
Behcet’S Disease ◽  
Cardiac Involvement ◽  
Behçet's Disease ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Ocular Lesions ◽  
Abstract Picture ◽  
Cardiac Manifestation

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Nil Introduction Behcet’s disease (BD) is a rare inflammatory disorder, which predominantly impacts people of Mediterranean and East Asian origin. While the aetiology is unknown, the prevailing disorder is vasculitis. Oral, skin and ocular lesions are common: cardiac involvement is rare. Case description A sixty-three year old male with Behcet’s disease (BD) presented for review. On clinical examination, atrial fibrillation, prominent V waves, mild pedal oedema and a ‘to and fro’ murmur were noted. Marked elevation of right ventricular (RV) end diastolic pressure was measured by cardiac catheter. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed significant RV abnormalities. The mid and apical RV regions were heavily trabeculated, and an anterior aneurysm was identified (see 2D image in abstract picture). A prominent horizontal muscular ridge in the basal RV was noted, and the RV outflow tract was narrowed. While the tricuspid valve was not apically displaced, leaflet coaptation was absent with subsequent severe tricuspid regurgitation into a grossly enlarged right atrium (see colour image in abstract picture). Management included diuretics and continuing immunosuppressives. Discussion BD is a rare (chronic) inflammatory disorder, which mainly affects people of Mediterranean and East Asian origin, and is often first diagnosed (in the third or fourth decades of life) following recurrent oral ulcerations, skin and ocular lesions. With BD, the prevailing disorder is vasculitis. Blood vessels of all sizes, both arteries and veins, are impacted: true or false aneurysms can occur. BD rarely affects the heart. If there is cardiac involvement, pericarditis is the most common lesion - others include myocarditis, mitral valve prolapse, intra-cardiac thrombus and myocardial infarction. We present a rare (and possibly unique) cardiac manifestation of BD, anterior RV aneurysm. Conclusion In this case report we present a rare cardiac manifestation of BD, anterior RV aneurysm. Abstract P220 Figure. Echocardiography Images

scholarly journals A New Cypselomorph Bird from the Middle Eocene of Germany and the Early Diversification of Avian Aerial Insectivores

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Food Competition ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Insectivorous Birds ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Aerial Insectivores

Abstract A new taxon of the Cypselomorphae—the clade including nightjars, potoos, owlet-nightjars, and apodiform birds—is described from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany. Phylogenetic analysis of 49 characters shows Protocypselomorphus manfredkelleri gen. et sp. nov. to be the sister group of all other cypselomorph taxa, although this placement was not robust to bootstrapping. As evidenced by its swift-like beak, long forearm, and reduced feet, P. manfredkelleri was hawking insects on the wing. Thus it adds a distinctive new taxon to the already diverse assemblage of Paleogene aerial insectivores, all of which belong to the Cypselomorphae. This strongly contrasts with the extant avifauna where many aerial insectivores belong to songbirds, and among the insectivorous cypselomorph taxa only swifts and nightjars are species rich and widely distributed. The diversity of aerial insectivores among the Cypselomorphae may have been reduced by food competition with songbirds, which do not become the dominant group of insectivorous birds before the early Miocene. Una Nueva Ave Cipselomorfa del Eoceno Medio de Alemania y la Diversificación Temprana de las Aves Insectívoras Aéreas Resumen. Se describe un nuevo taxón de Cypselomorphae, el clado que incluye a las familias Caprimulgidae, Nyctibiidae, Aegothelidae y a las aves apodiformes, del Eoceno medio de Messel en Alemania. Un análisis filogenético de 49 caracteres muestra que Protocypselomorphus manfredkelleri gen. et sp. nov. es el grupo hermano de los demás taxa de cipselomorfos, aunque esta posición no fue apoyada por el análisis de bootstrap. Como lo evidencia su pico tipo vencejo, antebrazo largo y patas pequeñas, P. manfredkelleri cazaba insectos al vuelo. Así, este hallazgo añade un nuevo taxón al grupo ya diverso de los insectívoros aéreos del Paleógeno, todos los cuales pertenecen al grupo de los cipselomorfos. Esto contrasta fuertemente con la avifauna actual, en que muchos insectívoros aéreos pertenecen al grupo de los paseriformes, mientras que de los taxa de insectívoros cipselomorfos sólo los apodiformes y caprimúlgidos presentan alta diversidad específica y se encuentran ampliamente distribuidos. La diversidad de los insectívoros aéreos en los cipselomorfos pude haberse reducido debido a la competencia por alimento con las aves paseriformes, las cuales no se transforman en el grupo dominante de aves insectívoras sino hasta el Mioceno temprano.

Technical Analysis of Euphorbia caducifolia Haines Latex of South-East Asian Origin - Part I

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-151
Author(s):  
Sanjay K. Bhattacharyya ◽  
Saptarshi Kar ◽  
Sugata Chakraborty ◽  
Saikat Dasgupta ◽  
Rabindra Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Technical Analysis ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Origin Part
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document