Digestive-Tract Function and Energy-Requirements of the Rufous Hare-Wallaby, Lagorchestes-Hirsutus

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Bridie ◽  
ID Hume ◽  
DM Hill
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Tract Function ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Major Factors

Digestive performance and rate of passage of fluid and particulate markers through the gastrointestinal tract were measured in captive rufous hare-wallabies (Lagorchestes hirsutus) maintained on a commercial pelleted diet. This diminutive (0.8-2.1 kg) marcropodid marsupial was found to have a large, basically tubiform forestomach (tubiform forestomach 71-74% of total stomach capacity), similar to that of the large grazing kangaroos and markedly different from those of small browsing wallabies and similar-sized rat-kangaroos. This 'kangaroo-like' gastric morphology, together with a low maintenance energy requirement (326 kJ digestible energy kg-0.75 day-1) and thus low food intakes (33 g dry matter kg-0.75 day-1) and long mean retention times of digesta in the gut (23 h for a fluid marker, 38 h for a particle marker), were considered to be major factors in the ability of this small arid-zone herbivore to digest fibre (50% of the neutral-detergent fibre and 31% of the acid-detergent fibre of the pelleted diet) and thus to utilise plant material that is often of low quality in the Tanami Desert.

scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Energy Requirement and Food Intake Behaviour in Young Adult Intact Male Cats with and without Predisposition to Overweight

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Wichert ◽  
Julia Trossen ◽  
Daniel Uebelhart ◽  
Marcel Wanner ◽  
Sonja Hartnack
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Intact Male ◽  
Feeding Station ◽  
Condition Score

Obesity is a common problem in cats. In the experimental cat family of the institute of animal nutrition besides a “normal” lean phenotype, cats with predisposition to an overweight phenotype are present. To investigate energy requirements and food intake behaviour of intact male cats of different phenotypes, six “normal” lean cats (GL) and six cats disposed to overweight (GO) were used. At the beginning of the experiment, all cats had an ideal body condition score of 5. To reach this the GO cats had to pass a weight-loss program. Energy requirements of the cats were determined using respiration chambers, whereas the amount and frequency of food intake was measured with a feeding station recording the data automatically. Energy requirement at weight constancy of the GO cats was even on fat-free mass (FFM) significantly (P=0.02) lower (162.6 kJ/kg FFM/d) than that of the “normal” lean cats (246 kJ/kg FFM/d). The GO cats also showed a higher food intake34.5±1.5 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67compared to the GL cats (24.0±2.1 g dry matter/kg body weight0.67)(P=0.001). In conclusion quantifiable differences in food intake and behaviour in cats predisposed to overweight compared to “normal” lean cats were found.

scholarly journals Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1195
Author(s):  
Claire E Andresen ◽  
Aksel W Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Carla Goad ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P > 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P < 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P > 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.

Net utilization of roughage and concentrate diets by sheep

1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Wilke ◽  
F. J. Van Der Merwe
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
Body Energy

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period..2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach..3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78–80..4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310.2 and 302.3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0.411 and 0.479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively..5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.

scholarly journals Gastro-intestinal Tract Function in Sheep Infused with Somatostatin

1985 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
TN Barry ◽  
GJ Faichney ◽  
Carolyn Redekopp
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Infusion ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Continuous Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Tract Function ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

The effect of a 5-day continuous intravenous infusion of somatostatin (4�6 ng min- I kg-I) was studied, using anoestrous ewes given 791 g dry matter per day of a 60: 40 lucerne hay: oat grain pelleted diet from a continuously moving belt. 5ICr-EDTA, I03Ru-phenanthroline and lignin were used as markers to determine digesta mean retention times (MRT) by a continuous infusion-total sampling procedure.

Evaluation of production efficiencies among primiparous suckler cows of diverse genetic index at pasture

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (s1) ◽  
pp. s55-s59 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. McCabe ◽  
N. McHugh ◽  
R. Prendiville
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Genetic Index

This study aimed to determine estimates of production efficiency among primiparous suckler cows of diverse genetic merit (GM) for the national Irish maternal index. Data from 82 heifers of diverse GM across two different replacement strategies (suckler (S) or dairy (D) sourced) were available. Milk yield, grass dry matter intake, cow BW and body condition score (BCS) were recorded. The maternal index had no significant effect on any parameters investigated, whereas S cows were 86 kg heavier in BW, had a 0.33 greater BCS and 0.6 UFL greater NEM requirement compared with D beef crossbred (F1) cows. The F1 produced 2.2 kg/day more milk and had greater lactation energy requirements (0.8 UFL) than S. The F1 produced 0.48 kg milk per 100 kg BW and 0.15 kg more milk per unit intake. An interaction between GM and cow origin (CO) showed that F1 low merit cows consumed an additional 1 kg DM than F1 high, and that S high merit cows produced 1.5 kg less milk than their S low counterparts resulting in a 0.5 UFL greater energy requirement for milk production for S low. The F1 high merit cows produced 0.12 kg more milk per unit intake than F1 low cows, whereas S low cows produced 0.12 kg less milk per unit intake than S high. The F1 low cows consumed 0.17 kg more DM per unit BW than F1 high. Thus, genetic selection for maternal traits has not resulted in differences in production efficiency traits, however CO differences were observed.

Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogen Requirements of the Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula (Kerr).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Wellard ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Nitrogen metabolism was studied in adult Trichosurus vulpecula maintained on semipurified diets of different nitrogen and fibre contents. The maintenance nitrogen requirement was estimated to be 203 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a dietary basis, and a mean of 189 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a truly digestible basis. Both are low compared with estimates from most eutherians, and are similar to estimates from macropods adapted to arid zones. Metabolic faecal nitrogen (mg per 100 g dry matter intake) was directly related to dietary fibre level, viz. 336 on 41% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) diets, 184 on 17% NDF diets, and 78 on 9.5% NDF diets. Dry matter intakes were low compared with those of the rabbit, suggesting that, as with nitrogen, the maintenance energy requirement of the brushtail is below that of most eutherians.

PSXI-29 Effects of feed restriction on blood constituent concentrations in hair sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 487-487
Author(s):  
Dereje L Tadesse ◽  
Ryszard Puchala ◽  
Terry A Gipson ◽  
Arthur L Goetsch
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Hair Sheep ◽  
Blood Constituents ◽  
Blood Constituent ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract Forty-six Dorper, 47 Katahdin, and 41 St. Croix female sheep (initial body weight of 62, 62, and 51 kg, respectively, SEM=1.43; 3.8±0.18 yr of age) from 45 commercial farms in Midwest, Northwest, Southeast, and central Texas regions of the United States were used to evaluate effects of feed restriction on concentrations of blood constituents. A 50% concentrate pelleted diet was fed, with the amount varied in the first 4 wk to achieve stable BW. The amount of feed offered in wk 5–10 was set at 55% of that consumed in wk 3–4. Blood was sampled at the end of wk 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10, with constituent levels in wk 4 and 10 assumed relevant to conditions with different maintenance energy requirements (i.e., fed at maintenance and approximately 43% lower with restricted intake). There were some differences among breeds such as ones based on samples collected at all times in urea nitrogen (14.0, 13.7, and 15.4 mg/dl; SEM=0.31) and creatinine (0.945, 0.836, and 0.809 mg/dl for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM=0.0253) but relatively few among regions and only one interaction between week and breed or region. There was a trend for a difference (P = 0.051) between wk 4 and 10 in the concentration of glucose (51.9 and 54.2 mg/dl; SEM=0.90), and there were differences (P < 0.05) in levels of lactate (23.9 and 20.3 mg/dl; SEM=0.89), urea N (16.4 and 13.0 mg/dl; SEM= 0.25), creatinine (0.808 and 0.919 mg/dl; SEM=0.0165), triglycerides (31.8 and 25.5 mg/dl; SEM=0.63), cholesterol (67.5 and 74.7 mg/dl; SEM=1.66), and cortisol (10.55 and 8.31 ng/ml for wk 4 and 10, respectively; SEM=0.0542). In conclusion, similar responses of different hair sheep breeds in blood constituent levels to feed restriction is in accordance with comparable effects on body weight and the maintenance energy requirement previously reported.

Chaffed or ground straw and lucerne in the diet of the early-weaned calf

1978 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
C. L. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Pelleted Diet

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted with 72 male British Friesian calves between 5 and 11 weeks of age. The major treatments were the inclusion of 0, 20 or 40% wheat straw or 20, 40 or 60% lucerne in a complete pelleted diet. The roughage was either ground or chaffed. A methane inhibitor was included in the diets given to 36 of the calves. The weight gains of the calves were greater with diets containing lucerne than with those containing wheat straw. Grinding increased the intake of wheat straw but depressed intake of lucerne. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and acid detergent fibre, which was greater for the diets containing lucerne than for the diets containing wheat straw, was reduced by grinding both roughages.Inclusion of the methane inhibitor in the diets increased the feed intakes and weight gains of the calves given the all-concentrate diet and the diets containing wheat straw, but not those given the diets containing lucerne.

The digestion of dry matter and non-starch polysaccharides from diets containing plain sugar-beet pulp or wheat straw by pregnant sows

1995 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
A. C. Longland ◽  
W. H. Close ◽  
C. E. Sharpe ◽  
H. D. Keal
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
The Individual

AbstractForty days after mating, 16 pregnant sows were randomly allocated to two diets containing either sugar-beet pulp (SBP) or wheat straw (WS) each offered at two levels (1·0 or 1·5 × maintenance energy requirement (M), where M = 460 kJ digestible energy (DE) per kg0·75 per day). Diets were iso-nitrogenous, and contained similar levels of DE together with 260 g non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) per kg dry matter (DM) largely derived from either the SBP or the WS. A 7-day NSP and DM balance was made between day 60 and 100 of gestation. During lactation sows had ad libitum access to a conventional sow diet which contained neither SBP or WS.Outputs of both fresh and dry faeces from sows given diet WS were significantly greater than the outputs from sows given the corresponding SBP diets (P <0·05), and outputs were significantly greater at the higher feeding level for both diets (P < 0·05). There was a tendency for higher urinary outputs from sows given diet WS, but these were variable and not significantly different from those from sows given diet SBP. The apparent digestibility and retention of DM was significantly greater for the SBP diet than for diet WS but were not significantly affected by feeding level. The apparent digestibilities of the total NSP and each of the individual constituent monomers were significantly higher for diet SBP than for diet WS (P < 0·001), but were independent of feeding level (P> 0·05). Xylose was the most poorly digested NSP constituent from both diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients for the remaining NSP constituents in diet SBP were > 0·8 and were > 0·52 in diet WS, with the uronic acids and mannose being the most highly digested NSP fractions from diets SBP and WS respectively.

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