Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogen Requirements of the Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula (Kerr).

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
GA Wellard ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Nitrogen metabolism was studied in adult Trichosurus vulpecula maintained on semipurified diets of different nitrogen and fibre contents. The maintenance nitrogen requirement was estimated to be 203 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a dietary basis, and a mean of 189 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a truly digestible basis. Both are low compared with estimates from most eutherians, and are similar to estimates from macropods adapted to arid zones. Metabolic faecal nitrogen (mg per 100 g dry matter intake) was directly related to dietary fibre level, viz. 336 on 41% neutral detergent fibre (NDF) diets, 184 on 17% NDF diets, and 78 on 9.5% NDF diets. Dry matter intakes were low compared with those of the rabbit, suggesting that, as with nitrogen, the maintenance energy requirement of the brushtail is below that of most eutherians.

scholarly journals DIETARY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GOATS AND SHEEP

1987 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
A.M. Nicol ◽  
D.P. Poppi ◽  
M.R. Alam ◽  
H.A. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement ◽  
And Performance

Goats in pens eat about 20% more of a low quality feed than do sheep. This higher intake is just sufficient to match the higher maintenance energy requirement of the goats, so, in reality, they are not more suited to an existence on low quality feeds There is little difference between goats and sheep in the extent to which they digest and utilise feeds. It is clear that goats will eat more browse such as gorse, but under intensive pasture grazing, the dry matter intake of goats falls more rapidly than that of sheep as the herbage mass declines. Goats seem to be unwilling to graze less preferred components of the sward. These results suggest sheep rather than goats have to be used to graze to low herbage masses unless low intakes and performance of goats can be accepted.

scholarly journals Faecal endogenous loss of calcium in young sheep

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Chrisp ◽  
A. R. Sykes ◽  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

1. Two groups of eight 6–7-month-old wether lambs were offered either a frozen ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture or a ryegrass-white clover hay, containing 12.1 and 6.4 g calcium/ kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Within groups the amounts offered to individual sheep ranged from 0.5 to 2.0 times the estimated maintenance energy requirements.2. A single intravenous injection of 150 μCi 45Ca as CaCl2. 2H2O, and stable balances were used to determine absorption, faecal endogenous loss and balance of Ca.3. Faecal endogenous loss of Ca increased by 1.2 mg/kg body-weight (W) per d with each g/kg W per d increase in DM intake regardless of the diet. At any DM intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 5.5 mg/kg W per d higher in the sheep offered the frozen herbage diet when compared with those on the hay diet. At any Ca intake the mean faecal endogenous loss was 6.9 mg/kg W higher in sheep offered the hay diet compared with those on the frozen herbage.4. At feeding levels of about 1.5–2 times the estimated maintenance energy requirement the observed faecal endogenous loss of Ca ranged from 35 to 50 mg/kg W per d, which is two- to threefold greater than the present estimate of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) of 16 mg/kg W per d.5. A simple model to explain the variation in faecal endogenous loss of Ca between the present study with young sheep and that with lactating ewes (Chrisp et al. 1989) also offered herbage diets is developed, which incorporates the concept of a true endogenous loss related to DM intake and a net endogenous loss reflecting the extent of re-absorption of Ca endogenous losses within the gastrointestinal tract.

Validation of the n-alkane technique for estimating diet composition, digestibility and dry matter intake in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Monks ◽  
Ian Payton ◽  
Murray Efford
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Trichosurus Vulpecula ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Diet Estimation ◽  
Alkane Chain

Few validated studies have tested the n-alkane method for diet estimation in non-ruminants and the technique has rarely been validated for estimating diet composition for more than two dietary components. The arboreal marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula was fed leaf and fruit diets with up to five component species in two trials. In Trial 1, alkane recovery was estimated, and in Trial 2 these estimates were used to predict digestibility, diet composition and dry matter intake. Alkane recovery increased non-linearly (convex up) with increasing n-alkane chain length. Recovery was linearly and negatively correlated with diet digestibility and appeared to explain a progressive bias with observed digestibility in the alkane estimates of digestibility (slope = 0.37). Diet composition was successfully estimated for up to five leaf dietary components without correction for recovery. Correcting for recovery gave less reliable diet-composition predictions, indicating that the recovery estimates could not be extrapolated to the second trial. Dry matter intake appeared to be relatively robust to variation in alkane recovery between individuals (mean bias =1.6%). If recovery is shown to vary with digestibility in other taxa, calibration of the alkane technique will require diet- and taxon-specific calibration trials to give reliable estimates of diet composition and dry matter digestibility.

scholarly journals Maintenance energy requirements and forage intake of purebred vs. crossbred beef cows1

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1195
Author(s):  
Claire E Andresen ◽  
Aksel W Wiseman ◽  
Adam McGee ◽  
Carla Goad ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Crossbred Cows ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cow breed type and age on maintenance requirements, feed energy utilization, and voluntary forage intake. The main effect of breed type included Angus (ANG; n = 32) and Hereford × Angus (HA; n = 27) lactating cows. The main effect of age included 2- and 3-yr-old (YOUNG; n = 29) and 4- to 8-yr-old (MATURE; n = 30) cows. Within breed type and age class, cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 pens for a total of 8 pens, each housing 7 to 9 cow/calf pairs. To determine maintenance energy requirements, cows and calves were limit-fed for 105 d to body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) stasis. There were no differences between breeds in cow hip height, BW, average milk yield (P > 0.31), diet digestibility, or cow maintenance energy requirement (P = 0.54). Crossbred cows had greater BCS (P < 0.05) throughout the experiment. Efficiency of calf growth was not different between breeds when expressed as feed intake of the cow/calf pair nor as energy intake of the pair per unit of calf BW gain (P ≥ 0.31). Young cows produced less milk per day and per unit of BW0.75 (P < 0.01); however, there was no effect of cow age on maintenance energy requirement, diet digestibility, or efficiency of calf growth (P > 0.10). Subsequently, a 45-d experiment was conducted to determine voluntary low-quality forage intake. Cows were housed in dry-lot pens equipped with shade, windbreaks, and feed bunks with free-choice access to clean water and a chopped hay ration was provided ad libitum to determine forage intake. Daily forage intake was lower (P = 0.05) for HA compared with ANG (123 vs. 132 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) although there was no difference in BW. However, HA cows sustained greater BCS (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.60) in forage intake per unit of BW0.75 due to cow age. Results indicate similar calf growth efficiency among breed types although crossbred cows maintained greater body energy stores and consumed less low-quality forage during the voluntary intake experiment. These differences could not be attributed to lower maintenance energy requirements. Neither maintenance energy requirement nor calf growth efficiency was different between young and mature cows.

The value of faecal nitrogen and faecal crude fibre in estimating intake of four subtropical grass species

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Milford
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Common Mean ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen

For each four subtropical grasses there is a significant correlation between daily dry matter intake and total nitrogen in faeces per day. The data have been tested for homogeneity under two hypotheses. In the first a test of the difference in slope between the four regression lines showed that they were not statistically different. It was shown that for a common mean value for total faecal nitrogen, the calculated mean daily dry matter intakes of Paspalum commersonii Lam., Urochloa pullulans Stapf, and Chloris gayana Kunth were similar and the relationship for these three could be expressed by one regression line. However, the calculated mean daily dry matter intake for Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (K. Schum.) Eyles was significantly different from those for the other three grasses and P. maximum var. trichoglume cannot be included in a general regression. In the second hypothesis it was shown that all regression lines could pass through the origin. However, as in the first hypothesis, P. commersonii, U. pullulans, and C. gayana could be represented by a common regression line whllst the regression line for P. maximum differed significantly in slope from those of the other three grasses. The results indicate that species can be grouped for this relationship, and that it could be used to measure intake of the free grazing animal on monospecific swards or on mixed swards of species with similar relationships. Lancaster's technique for determining digestibility is discussed in the light of these relationships. Neither percentage faecal nitrogen nor faecal crude fibre was found to be satisfactorily correlated with dry matter digestibility.

Studies on marsupial nutrition V. the nitrogen requirements of the euro, Macropus robustus

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Brown ◽  
A.R. Main
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

The nitrogen requirements of some female euros (Macropus robustus) were determined by means of nitrogen balance feeding trials. The average minimum dietary nitrogen requirement for the maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium was 1.99 g/day or 309 mg/day per kgW*0.73. The metabolic faecal nitrogen output of the euros, determined indirectly, was estimated to be 0.27 g/100 g dry matter intake. The minimum digestible nitrogen requirements of the euros were 160 mg/day per kgW*0.73, equivalent to approximately 1 g digestible nitrogen per day. The minimum urinary nitrogen excretion of the euros, at dietary nitrogen intakes of approximately 1 g/day, was an average of 34 mg/day per kgW*0.73. Comparison of the results obtained with data for eutherian species reported in the literature indicates that the nitrogen requirements and urinary nitrogen excretion of this species is markedly less than that of eutherian species. The results are briefly discussed in relation to survival of the euro in the arid environment of the Pilbara district of Western Australia.

Some factors affecting apparent nitrogen digestibility of roughage diets fed to cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran ◽  
J. E. Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen

SUMMARYPublished and unpublished results for apparent nitrogen digestibility from 107 digestibility trials with Zebu (Africander, Brahman and their crosses with British cattle) and British breeds of cattle were analysed by regression analyses to determine its relationship with dry matter intake and dietary nitrogen content.The linear regression of apparent nitrogen digestibility on the reciprocal of dietary nitrogen content was an adequate mathematical description of the relation (r = 0·92) and the addition of the reciprocal of nitrogen intake as an independent variable improved the description (r = 0·95) particularly for diets with a low nitrogen content. Both these equations have a physiological basis.Estimates of the true nitrogen digestibility and metabolic faecal nitrogen from the linear regression of apparent nitrogen digestibility on the reciprocal of dietary nitrogen content were 86·8% and 0·49 g/100 g dry-matter intake. Independent estimates of these parameters from a multiple regression of total faecal nitrogen on dry-matter intake and nitrogen intake were 88·7% and 0·46 g/100 g dry-matter intake. The analyses on the breeds suggested that the Zebu cattle may have a higher true digestibility and a lower metabolic faecal nitrogen than the British cattle, although the differences were small and could not be subjected to statistical tests.

scholarly journals Differences in Taurine Synthesis Rate among Dogs Relate to Differences in Their Maintenance Energy Requirement

2007 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang S. Ko ◽  
Robert C. Backus ◽  
John R. Berg ◽  
Michael W. Lame ◽  
Quinton R. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Maintenance Energy Requirement
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