Lactation and Energetics of Growth in the Brush-Tailed Bettong, Bettongia-Penicillata (Marsupialia, Potoroidae) in Captivity

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
JA Libke ◽  
MJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Size ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bettongia Penicillata ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Consumption Rates

Milk samples were collected from 20 captive bettongs at various times during the 140 days of lactation to determine milk composition. Milk consumption rates of young were measured, using Na-22 turnover, up to the time of their permanent emergence from the pouch and before solid food was consumed. Milk composition followed the general patterns of change observed previously in other marsupials and included the characteristic drop in carbohydrate concentrations associated with permanent exit from the pouch. Milk consumption rates increased from about 1.0 mL day(-1) at 35 days to about 23 mL day(-1) at 90 days, just before permanent emergence from the pouch. Increases in milk consumption were paralleled by changes in the size of the mammary glands, which reached their maximum size at about 100-110 days. The efficiency with which young used milk to accumulate body tissue ranged from 0.39 to 0.51 g mL(-1). Milk energy and protein were converted to body tissue with efficiencies of 21.3-29 6% and 70.1-93 5% respectively.

Milk Composition and Production in Free-Living Allied Rock-Wallabies, Petrogale Assimilis

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
H Marsh ◽  
P Spencer ◽  
G Death
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Milk Solids

Milk composition and the rates of milk consumption by pouch young were examined in free-living allied rock-wallabies, Petrogale assimilis. Milk solids concentrations were approximately 16% (w/w) at 70 days post-partum and increased to about 22% by 170 days when young first left the pouch. By permanent pouch emergence (about 200 days), concentrations had declined and stabilised at about 19%. Milk carbohydrate peaked at 12% (w/v) at 150 days; lipid concentrations averaged 8% (w/w) at 200 days. The subsequent decline in carbohydrates was the main cause of the fall in milk solids. Protein concentrations increased gradually from about 3% (w/v) at 70 days to plateau at 5.5% at about 200 days. Milk consumption rates were measured from 72 to 159 days post-partum with Na-22 turnover. Milk consumption, about 3 mL day(-1) initially, increased to an average of about 15 mL day(-1) by 150 days. The mass gained by a pouch young between 72 and 159 days for each millilitre of milk consumed was not correlated with lactational stage and averaged 0.21 +/- 0.014 (s.e.)g mL(-1).

Milk composition, milk consumption, and growth rate of a captive spotted seal (Phoca largha) pup from Liaodong Bay, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Zhang ◽  
X.R. Song ◽  
J.B. Han ◽  
L.M. Wang ◽  
Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Spotted Seal ◽  
Phoca Largha ◽  
In Captivity

As lactation is commonly very brief in phocid seals, the transfer of sufficient energy between mother and offspring is critical for their reproductive success. In this study, we investigated variation in the pattern of energy transfer and allocation during lactation in the spotted seal (Phoca largha Pallas, 1811). Temporal changes in milk composition, milk consumption, and pup mass gain were analyzed from birth to weaning in a spotted seal pup that was hand-reared on a donor-female’s milk. In addition, growth rates were measured in six pups raised in captivity but nursed naturally. We found that milk fat content increased and water content decreased during lactation. We calculated that spotted seal pup ingest a mean (±SD) daily energy of 39.5 ± 8.6 MJ/day, which corresponded to a daily mass gain of 0.9 kg/day. We found that the growth rates of the hand-reared pup and the six naturally reared pups did not differ, and overall, the mean (±SD) daily growth rate of spotted seal pups was 1.1 ± 0.2 kg/day before weaning and 0.6 ± 0.2 kg/day from birth to molt. Our study provides the first data on lactation patterns in this species.

scholarly journals Milk Composition in the Northern Brown Bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus (Peramelidae, Marsupialia)

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
JA Libke
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Milk Solids

Milk samples were obtained at regular intervals throughout lactation from northern brown bandicoots, Isoodon macrourus, in captivity. Total concentration of milk solids was initially 7% (w/w) and increased linearly to 45% (w/w) by 55 days. Carbohydrate, lipid and protein concentrations increased from about 2% (w/w) to about 7-8% (w/w) at 30 days. Thereafter they diverged, with lipid increasing to between 25-30% (w/w) at 56 days, protein reaching maximal values of 10-15% (w/w) at just over 40 days and carbohydrate gradually declining to about 5% (w/w) at 56 days before a rapid fall to 1-2% (w/w) at the completion of lactation. The milk of the bandicoot exhibits a similar pattern of change during the course of lactation to that shown by other marsupials.

Milk composition of the Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii Desmarest) (Macropodoidea:Marsupialia) in captivity

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Rose ◽  
A. D. Shetewi ◽  
K. Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
High Level

This is the first study of milk composition in any member of the wallaby genus Thylogale. Milk samples (n = 44) were collected after oxytocin injection from 12 females carrying pouch young aged 2–30 weeks followed by sampling of the mothers until weaning by Week 39. The lactation period could be partitioned into early (Weeks 2–20), mid (Weeks 21–30) and late (>30 weeks) stages. Although milk concentrations changed little during lactation the energy content increased almost 4-fold from 540 ± 39 kJ (100 mL)–1 (mean ± s.e.) to 1908 ± 102 kJ (100 mL)–1. Carbohydrate concentrations decreased from 13.3 ± 0.1 g (100 mL)–1 (early lactation) to 10.9 ± 0.9 g (100 mL)–1 in mid-lactation, falling to 4.8 ± 0.9 g (100 mL)–1 in late lactation. Lipid increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 g (100 mL)–1 to 12.5 ± 4.1 g (100 mL)–1, reaching 31.4 ± 5.0 g (100 mL)–1 in late lactation. Protein increased from 3.3 ± 0.1 g (100 mL)–1 to 9.7 ± 1.6 g (100 mL)–1 in mid-lactation to 14.0 ± 1.5 g (100 mL)–1 in late lactation. This relatively high level of lipid and protein in late lactation may be the cause of the more rapid growth and, hence, shorter pouch life of the Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) compared with the well studied tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).

scholarly journals The biological significance of differences in cows and sows colostrum and milk composition

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 175-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Radisa Prodanovic ◽  
Miloje Djuric ◽  
Zeljko Sladojevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Protein Milk

The objective of this work was to compare the composition of colostrum and milk of cows and sows (content of dry matter, protein, milk fat and lactose, concentration of IGF-I and insulin) in samples taken on the first, second, third and seventh day after parturition, and then based on the differences in composition to determine a biological significance of nutrition of newborn during the earliest stages of their life. The investigation inluded 14 cows of Holstein breed and 14 sows of Landrace breed. The content of dry matter and the concentration of proteins in both colostrum and milk samples were statistically significantly higher in regard to sows mammary glands secretion, taken on the first day after the parturition (p<0,01 and p<0,001, individually), but their decrease in mammary glands secretion was more pronounced in the cows than the sows, during the first seven days. The concentration IGF-I was statistically significantly higher in the cows colostrum and milk in regard to the sows during the whole investigation period, while the concentration of insulin was significantly higher in the sows in regard to the cows during the same period. The concentrations of milk fat and lactose in cows milk samples were significantly lower in regard to the sows in all period of the study. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in the composition of milk and colostrum of both the investigated animal species. The differences are probably the result of evolutionary adaptation of mammal gland function to nutrition, energy and protection requirements of these young animals in their early postnatal life.

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Butts ◽  
Duncan Hedderley ◽  
Thanuja Herath ◽  
Gunaranjan Paturi ◽  
Sarah Glyn-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

scholarly journals Analysis of mammary gland according to results of CMT (California Mastitis Test) and bacteriological findings in secretion

2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 359-367
Author(s):  
Nazif Varatanovic ◽  
Amela Katica ◽  
Tarik Mutevelic ◽  
Nadzida Mlaco ◽  
Edin Hamzic
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Control ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
One Year

Health control of the mammary gland was conducted comparing results of CMT (California Mastitis Test) and bacteriological findings of milk samples during one year. A total of 3863 secretion samples of mammary glands were collected. There were 85.3% matches for CMT and bacteriological findings. The most frequently isolated causative agents were: staphylococci (52.4%), streptococcus bacteria (23.5%), mixed infections (13.1%), and enterobacteria (10.3%). Secretions disorder and inflammations of mammary gland are most common for the warm period of the year, and very rare for the winter period. With permanent use of these two methods it is possible to obtain satisfactory results in order to get better milk production and health condition of the mammary gland. .

Effect of mid-line or low-line milking systems on lipolysis and milk composition in dairy goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-854
Author(s):  
M. C. Beltrán ◽  
A. Manzur ◽  
M. Rodríguez ◽  
J. R. Díaz ◽  
C. Peris
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Milk Storage ◽  
Enzymatic Coagulation

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to investigate how milking in mid-line (ML) affects the lipolysis level and milk composition in goat livestock, in comparison with low-line (LL) milking. The first experiment took place, in triplicate, on an experimental farm. For each replicate, a crossover design (62 goats, two treatments, ML and LL, in two periods each lasting 4 days) was used. Milk samples were taken daily at 0 and 24 h after milking. In the first experimental replicate, some enzymatic coagulation cheeses were made, which were assessed by a panel of tasters at 50 and 100 days of maturation. In the second experiment, the lipolysis level and composition of tank milk from 55 commercial dairy goat farms (25 ML and 30 LL) were analysed, in milk samples taken in three different weeks. The results of the first experiment showed that ML milking increased free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in raw goat's milk significantly (0.71 v. 0.40 mmol/l, respectively). However, in the milk samples taken from commercial farms the FFA concentration remained unaffected by the milking pipeline height (0.59 v. 0.58 mmol/l for ML and LL, respectively). No significant differences were found in the milk composition, nor in the sensory characteristics in the cured cheeses, which suggests that factors other than the milkline height are able to influence the level of lipolysis under commercial conditions. Therefore, ML milking should not be discouraged, provided that the correct functioning and management of the milking operation and milk storage on the farm is guaranteed.

scholarly journals Determination of Fat, Protein, and Lactose in Raw Milk by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and by Analysis with a Conventional Filter-Based Milk Analyzer

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Lefier ◽  
Remy Grappin ◽  
Sylvie Pochet
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Single Calibration

Abstract The accuracy of fat, crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), and lactose determinations of raw milk by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by analysis with a conventional filter-based milk analyzer was assessed in 6 trials performed over a 10-month period. At each trial, 30 bulk milk samples collected from 15 European countries and 11 reconstituted milks made from raw milk components were analyzed. When calibrations were performed with reconstituted milks at each trial, accuracy standard deviations for fat, CP, TP, and lactose were, respectively, 0.050,0.048,0.035, and 0.076 g/100 g for the filter instrument and 0.047, 0.046,0.042, and 0.065 g/100 g for the FTIR instrument. When a single calibration was made instead of calibrations at each trial, accuracy standard deviations increased for the filter instrument to 0.130, 0.119,0.121, and 0.083 for fat, CP, TP, and lactose, respectively, and for the FTIR instrument to 0.082, 0.053,0.044, and 0.084 g/100 g. Because the FTIR instrument provides more spectral information related to milk composition than does the filter instrument, single-calibration FTIR analysis of milk samples collected in different seasons is more accurate. Using reconstituted milks, prepared such that there is no correlation between fat, CP, and lactose, provides a more robust calibration than using genuine bulk milk, especially when milks with unusual composition are analyzed.

scholarly journals Effect of ewes entry order into milking parlour on milkability and milk composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mačuhová ◽  
V. Tančin ◽  
J. Mačuhová ◽  
M. Uhrinčať ◽  
L. Hasoňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Order Of Entry ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate how the order in which the ewes in a milking group enter the milking parlour affects their milkability and milk composition. Therefore, the order of entry into the milking parlour was evaluated in ewes of one flock (n = 353) during six evening milkings. In all, the sheep were milked in 15 milking groups. The sheep entering the milking parlour in the first milking group achieved 15 points and the sheep of each next milking group one point less, i.e. the sheep of the last group achieved 1 point. In the analysis, only the ewes with the highest and the lowest average number of points were included and assigned to the first (FG, n = 19) and the last group (LG, n = 29), respectively. After the last milking, the individual milk samples were collected from the jar to analyze the composition and somatic cell count. Machine milk yield in 30 s (0.15 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.05 l) and 60 s (0.26 ± 0.16 and 0.19 ± 0.10 l), peak flow rate (1.04 ± 0.39 and 0.77 ± 0.29 l/min), and latency time (14 ± 3 and 20 ± 13 s) significantly differed (P &lt; 0.05) between FG and LG, respectively. Total milk yield (0.41 ± 0.17 and 0.35 ± 0.14 l) and machine milk yield (0.27 ± 0.15 and 0.22 ± 0.10 l) tended to be higher (P = 0.05 and P = 0.09) in FG than in LG, respectively. No significant differences were observed in milk composition between FG and LG. It seems that ewes which enter the milking parlour in early milking groups have better parameters of milkability than those milked in later groups.

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