scholarly journals Milk Composition in the Northern Brown Bandicoot, Isoodon macrourus (Peramelidae, Marsupialia)

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
JA Libke
Keyword(s):  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Rapid Fall ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Milk Solids

Milk samples were obtained at regular intervals throughout lactation from northern brown bandicoots, Isoodon macrourus, in captivity. Total concentration of milk solids was initially 7% (w/w) and increased linearly to 45% (w/w) by 55 days. Carbohydrate, lipid and protein concentrations increased from about 2% (w/w) to about 7-8% (w/w) at 30 days. Thereafter they diverged, with lipid increasing to between 25-30% (w/w) at 56 days, protein reaching maximal values of 10-15% (w/w) at just over 40 days and carbohydrate gradually declining to about 5% (w/w) at 56 days before a rapid fall to 1-2% (w/w) at the completion of lactation. The milk of the bandicoot exhibits a similar pattern of change during the course of lactation to that shown by other marsupials.

Lactation and Energetics of Growth in the Brush-Tailed Bettong, Bettongia-Penicillata (Marsupialia, Potoroidae) in Captivity

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Merchant ◽  
JA Libke ◽  
MJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Size ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Body Tissue ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bettongia Penicillata ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Consumption Rates

Milk samples were collected from 20 captive bettongs at various times during the 140 days of lactation to determine milk composition. Milk consumption rates of young were measured, using Na-22 turnover, up to the time of their permanent emergence from the pouch and before solid food was consumed. Milk composition followed the general patterns of change observed previously in other marsupials and included the characteristic drop in carbohydrate concentrations associated with permanent exit from the pouch. Milk consumption rates increased from about 1.0 mL day(-1) at 35 days to about 23 mL day(-1) at 90 days, just before permanent emergence from the pouch. Increases in milk consumption were paralleled by changes in the size of the mammary glands, which reached their maximum size at about 100-110 days. The efficiency with which young used milk to accumulate body tissue ranged from 0.39 to 0.51 g mL(-1). Milk energy and protein were converted to body tissue with efficiencies of 21.3-29 6% and 70.1-93 5% respectively.

EFFECT OF CHRONIC PARATHYROIDECTOMY ON CALCIUM METABOLISM IN THE LACTATING RAT

1979 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. FRY ◽  
D. H. CURNOW ◽  
D. H. GUTTERIDGE ◽  
R. W. RETALLACK
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Calcium Homeostasis ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Total Calcium ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Milk Solids

This study examined the effect of chronic parathyroidectomy (PTX) in rats on calcium homeostasis in milk and serum and on litter growth rate throughout lactation. Parathyroidectomy was carried out by excision 8 weeks before mating and any animals with evidence of parathyroid regeneration over this time were discarded. Maternal serum and milk samples were collected at days 6, 12 and 20 of lactation and serum samples from the pups were obtained at day 20. Litter growth was measured by weighing the pups daily. Significantly lower concentrations of ionized and total calcium and significantly higher concentrations of phosphate in the serum were found in the PTX animals compared with the sham-operated controls (P< 0·001). The ratio of ionized to total calcium in serum was significantly lower in the PTX group. The mean total calcium concentration in milk was significantly higher at day 6 in the PTX group (P< 0·05) but was not different from the sham-operated group at days 12 and 20. The ratio of milk calcium to percentage milk solids was the same in both groups of animals at all three sampling periods. Litter growth rate was not significantly different in the two groups up to day 5 or from days 12 to 20. It was lower in the PTX group (P< 0·001) between days 5 and 12. The total concentration of calcium in serum from the young was not significantly different in the two groups. It was concluded that parathyroid hormone (PTH) is required for normal maternal calcium homeostasis in serum during lactation and therefore its absence may affect milk homeostasis indirectly for part of lactation. In contrast the concentration of calcium in milk and litter growth rate can be maintained at normal levels in late lactation suggesting that PTH is not an essential hormone in the regulation of calcium levels in milk.

Milk composition of the Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii Desmarest) (Macropodoidea:Marsupialia) in captivity

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Rose ◽  
A. D. Shetewi ◽  
K. Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
High Level

This is the first study of milk composition in any member of the wallaby genus Thylogale. Milk samples (n = 44) were collected after oxytocin injection from 12 females carrying pouch young aged 2–30 weeks followed by sampling of the mothers until weaning by Week 39. The lactation period could be partitioned into early (Weeks 2–20), mid (Weeks 21–30) and late (>30 weeks) stages. Although milk concentrations changed little during lactation the energy content increased almost 4-fold from 540 ± 39 kJ (100 mL)–1 (mean ± s.e.) to 1908 ± 102 kJ (100 mL)–1. Carbohydrate concentrations decreased from 13.3 ± 0.1 g (100 mL)–1 (early lactation) to 10.9 ± 0.9 g (100 mL)–1 in mid-lactation, falling to 4.8 ± 0.9 g (100 mL)–1 in late lactation. Lipid increased from 6.3 ± 1.1 g (100 mL)–1 to 12.5 ± 4.1 g (100 mL)–1, reaching 31.4 ± 5.0 g (100 mL)–1 in late lactation. Protein increased from 3.3 ± 0.1 g (100 mL)–1 to 9.7 ± 1.6 g (100 mL)–1 in mid-lactation to 14.0 ± 1.5 g (100 mL)–1 in late lactation. This relatively high level of lipid and protein in late lactation may be the cause of the more rapid growth and, hence, shorter pouch life of the Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) compared with the well studied tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii).

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Butts ◽  
Duncan Hedderley ◽  
Thanuja Herath ◽  
Gunaranjan Paturi ◽  
Sarah Glyn-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

scholarly journals Influence of the season and lactation on the milk composition of goats-producers of biosimilar human lactoferrin

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
A. I. Budevich ◽  
E. V. Petrushko ◽  
D. M. Bogdanovich ◽  
V. N. Kuznetsova ◽  
Iu. K. Kirikovich
Keyword(s):  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Human Lactoferrin ◽  
Physicochemical Composition ◽  
Nonfat Milk ◽  
Milk Solids

The seasonal variability of the physicochemical parameters of milk of both ordinary goats and goats producers of a biosimilar human lactoferrin has been established. The average values of the mass fraction of fat, protein, lactose, nonfat milk solids, density index in the second and third quarters were lower than in the first and fourth quarters. At the same time, the difference between the spring-summer and autumn-winter periods in the mass fraction of fat was 25%. In the mass fraction of protein, lactose, nonfat milk solids, density it was 5–7%. Comparative analysis of milk from goats-producers of a biosimilar human lactoferrin of various lactations revealed a number of changes in the physicochemical composition of raw materials in comparison with non-transgenic animals: an increase in the mass fraction of protein by 4–6% (P˂0.05), of lactose by 2–6 (P˂0.05), nonfat milk solids by 1–6, density by 2–5% (P˂0.05), freezing temperature by 5 and a decrease in the mass fraction of fat by 5–8% (P˂0, 05). At the same time, the indicators of active and titratable acidity of milk were similar in all groups of animals. At the same time, the concentration of human lactoferrin in the milk of producers of the second and third lactation had almost identical seasonal changes in the increase and decrease in the synthesis of lactoferrin in the mammary gland during the year: in the first quarter – 2.88 and 2.97 g/l, in the second – 4.76 and 4.63, in the third – 7.44 and 7.55 and in the fourth – 7.97 and 6.72 with an average annual value of 5.84 and 5.72 g/l, respectively.

Effect of mid-line or low-line milking systems on lipolysis and milk composition in dairy goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-854
Author(s):  
M. C. Beltrán ◽  
A. Manzur ◽  
M. Rodríguez ◽  
J. R. Díaz ◽  
C. Peris
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Milk Storage ◽  
Enzymatic Coagulation

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out to investigate how milking in mid-line (ML) affects the lipolysis level and milk composition in goat livestock, in comparison with low-line (LL) milking. The first experiment took place, in triplicate, on an experimental farm. For each replicate, a crossover design (62 goats, two treatments, ML and LL, in two periods each lasting 4 days) was used. Milk samples were taken daily at 0 and 24 h after milking. In the first experimental replicate, some enzymatic coagulation cheeses were made, which were assessed by a panel of tasters at 50 and 100 days of maturation. In the second experiment, the lipolysis level and composition of tank milk from 55 commercial dairy goat farms (25 ML and 30 LL) were analysed, in milk samples taken in three different weeks. The results of the first experiment showed that ML milking increased free fatty acid (FFA) concentration in raw goat's milk significantly (0.71 v. 0.40 mmol/l, respectively). However, in the milk samples taken from commercial farms the FFA concentration remained unaffected by the milking pipeline height (0.59 v. 0.58 mmol/l for ML and LL, respectively). No significant differences were found in the milk composition, nor in the sensory characteristics in the cured cheeses, which suggests that factors other than the milkline height are able to influence the level of lipolysis under commercial conditions. Therefore, ML milking should not be discouraged, provided that the correct functioning and management of the milking operation and milk storage on the farm is guaranteed.

scholarly journals Determination of Fat, Protein, and Lactose in Raw Milk by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and by Analysis with a Conventional Filter-Based Milk Analyzer

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Lefier ◽  
Remy Grappin ◽  
Sylvie Pochet
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Single Calibration

Abstract The accuracy of fat, crude protein (CP), true protein (TP), and lactose determinations of raw milk by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and by analysis with a conventional filter-based milk analyzer was assessed in 6 trials performed over a 10-month period. At each trial, 30 bulk milk samples collected from 15 European countries and 11 reconstituted milks made from raw milk components were analyzed. When calibrations were performed with reconstituted milks at each trial, accuracy standard deviations for fat, CP, TP, and lactose were, respectively, 0.050,0.048,0.035, and 0.076 g/100 g for the filter instrument and 0.047, 0.046,0.042, and 0.065 g/100 g for the FTIR instrument. When a single calibration was made instead of calibrations at each trial, accuracy standard deviations increased for the filter instrument to 0.130, 0.119,0.121, and 0.083 for fat, CP, TP, and lactose, respectively, and for the FTIR instrument to 0.082, 0.053,0.044, and 0.084 g/100 g. Because the FTIR instrument provides more spectral information related to milk composition than does the filter instrument, single-calibration FTIR analysis of milk samples collected in different seasons is more accurate. Using reconstituted milks, prepared such that there is no correlation between fat, CP, and lactose, provides a more robust calibration than using genuine bulk milk, especially when milks with unusual composition are analyzed.

scholarly journals Effect of ewes entry order into milking parlour on milkability and milk composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 392-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mačuhová ◽  
V. Tančin ◽  
J. Mačuhová ◽  
M. Uhrinčať ◽  
L. Hasoňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Order Of Entry ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Individual

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate how the order in which the ewes in a milking group enter the milking parlour affects their milkability and milk composition. Therefore, the order of entry into the milking parlour was evaluated in ewes of one flock (n = 353) during six evening milkings. In all, the sheep were milked in 15 milking groups. The sheep entering the milking parlour in the first milking group achieved 15 points and the sheep of each next milking group one point less, i.e. the sheep of the last group achieved 1 point. In the analysis, only the ewes with the highest and the lowest average number of points were included and assigned to the first (FG, n = 19) and the last group (LG, n = 29), respectively. After the last milking, the individual milk samples were collected from the jar to analyze the composition and somatic cell count. Machine milk yield in 30 s (0.15 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.05 l) and 60 s (0.26 ± 0.16 and 0.19 ± 0.10 l), peak flow rate (1.04 ± 0.39 and 0.77 ± 0.29 l/min), and latency time (14 ± 3 and 20 ± 13 s) significantly differed (P &lt; 0.05) between FG and LG, respectively. Total milk yield (0.41 ± 0.17 and 0.35 ± 0.14 l) and machine milk yield (0.27 ± 0.15 and 0.22 ± 0.10 l) tended to be higher (P = 0.05 and P = 0.09) in FG than in LG, respectively. No significant differences were observed in milk composition between FG and LG. It seems that ewes which enter the milking parlour in early milking groups have better parameters of milkability than those milked in later groups.

The influence of milk composition on pH and calcium activity measured in situ during heat treatment of reconstituted skim milk

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayani Chandrapala ◽  
Ian McKinnon ◽  
Mary Ann Augustin ◽  
Punsandani Udabage
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Calcium Activity ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Ph Decrease ◽  
Milk Solids

The pH and calcium activity of reconstituted skim milk solutions (9–21% w/w milk solids non-fat) on heating and after cooling were studied as a function of milk pH prior to heating (pH 6·2–7·2 at 25°C) and added calcium complexing agents (phosphate or EDTA). The pH decreased as the temperature was raised from 25 to 90°C and the magnitude of the pH decrease was greater with increase in initial pH at 25°C before heating or milk concentration. The pH decrease on heating from 25 to 90°C in skim milk solutions with added calcium complexing agents was lower than that of milk without the addition of these salts. The calcium activity decreased on heating from 25 to 60°C. The magnitude of the change decreased with increase in initial pH at 25°C before heating and milk concentration. The decrease in calcium activity on heating from 25 to 60°C for skim milk solutions with added calcium complexing agents was lower than that of milk solutions without the addition of calcium complexing agents. The changes in pH and calcium activity on heating milk were largely reversible after cooling the milk. The results suggested that the pH and calcium activity at high temperatures are a function of the milk composition. Knowledge of the initial pH prior to heating alone is not sufficient for predicting the changes that occur during heating.

The effect of udder infections on the lactation yield of milk and milk solids

1960 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O'Donovan ◽  
F. H. Dodd ◽  
F. K. Neave
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Milk Solids

SummaryData available for fifty cows mainly infected with Staphylococcus pyogenes have been analysed to determine the effects of udder infections and mastitis on milk, fat and solids-not-fat yield and on fat and solids-not-fat percentages over full lactations.It was found that lactation yields of milk, solids-not-fat and fat were depressed by 10, 11 and 12% respectively in the presence of infection. These depressions were significant (P < 0·05). The composition of the milk averaged over whole lactations was not significantly affected (P > 0·05), although the mean solids-not-fat percentage of the milk was significantly depressed by 0·196±0·092 during the period of infection.It is suggested that the depressions in lactation yield and changes in milk composition would have been greater in the absence of antibiotic therapy for mastitis.

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