Effects of Restricted Water-Intake on Digestion, Urea Recycling and Renal-Function in Wombats (Marsupialia, Vombatidae) From Contrasting Habitats

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Tritium Concentration ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Tubular Resorption ◽  
Contrasting Habitats ◽  
Urea Recycling

Responses to limited water availability were studied in two species of wombats from mesic (Vombatus ursinus) or xeric (Lasiorhinus latifrons) habitats. Four Vombatus and three Lasiorhinus were fed a low-quality straw-based diet containing 0.6% nitrogen and 68% neutral detergent fibre (dry-matter basis). Restriction to 50% of ad libitum intakes of drinking water reduced dry-matter intakes by 30% but did not alter digestibilities of fibre or nitrogen. Nitrogen balances were negative and similar between species and water intakes. Urea pool size (C-14 urea) increased during water restriction but urea-entry rates and the proportion of urea recycled to the gut were similar between water intakes (78-89%). Tritiated water was given to wombats in single intramuscular or intraperitoneal doses. Times to equilibration of tritium in urinary water were large and variable (45 +/- 36 h). Urinary tritium concentrations often declined erratically after equilibration, and were 14 +/- 14% lower than the tritium concentration in the blood. These irregular kinetics for tritiated water suggest that the water-dilution method requires validation for the wombats. Urinary and faecal water losses were reduced by 60% during water restriction. Water was mainly lost in the faeces, which were drier in Lasiorhinus (41 % dry matter) than in Vombatus (31 %). As blood haematocrit and plasma osmolality were similar between water intakes, extracellular spaces were apparently maintained during water restriction. Glomerular filtration rates (creatinine clearance) were low (12 mL min-1) and similar between water intakes. Therefore, a more concentrated urine was produced by tubular resorption in water-restricted wombats. Lasiorhinus had greater urinary osmolalities and urine: plasma ratios of creatinine, which reflected a greater urine-concentrating ability than Vombatus. Apparent water intakes and the ability to reduce urinary and faecal water losses in the wombats are similar to those of kangaroos. The contrasting abilities of Vombatus and Lasiorhinus to minimise both these water losses are directly related to their separate distributions.

Nitrogen-Metabolism in the Parma Wallaby, Macropus-Parma

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Moist Forest ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Urea Recycling

The maintenance nitrogen requirement of the parma wallaby, Macropus parma, was found to be 566 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a dietary basis, and 477 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a truly digestible basis. This is similar to that of the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis, another small wallaby which occupies a similar moist forest habitat, but much higher than (at least double) those of four other macropodid marsupials, all of which are from less mesic environments, that have been studied. Urea recycling decreased in response to water restriction in M. parma; in other published reports urea recycling did not change in T. thetis when water intake was restricted, but in three arid-adapted eutherian herbivores it increased. Voluntary intakes of dry matter and water by M. parma wefe also similar to those published for T. thetis, but higher than those of other macropodid species. These results support the hypothesis that within the Macropodidae nutrient requirements are linked closely with preferred habitat, regardless of phylogeny.

scholarly journals 214 The effects of an 18-hour transit or complete feed and water restriction on feed bunk displacements and need preferences in growing feedlot steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Katie J Heiderscheit ◽  
Erin Deters ◽  
Alyssa Freestone ◽  
Joshua Peschel ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Trained Observer ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Effect Of Treatment

Abstract The objective was to investigate effects of 18 h feed and water restriction or transit on cattle behavior. Angus-cross steers (36; 353 ± 33 kg) were housed in pens of 6 and assigned to treatments: control (CON), full access to feed and water; deprived (DEPR), no feed or water for 18 h; or transported (TRANS), trucked for 18 h. Individual BW (n = 12 steers/treatment) was recorded on d 0, 1, 3, 8, and 14, and individual dry matter intake (DMI) was determined via GrowSafe bunks. Bunk displacements on d 1 were recorded for each pen (n = 2 pens/treatment) by one trained observer continuously for 2 h in 10 min intervals via video analysis. Steer need preferences were assessed as time individuals took to perform behaviors (eat, drink, lay) after treatments ended on d 1. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with fixed effect of treatment; displacements, BW, and DMI were analyzed as repeated measures. Upon return to pens, time to eat or drink did not differ between DEPR and TRANS (P ≥ 0.17), but time to lay was 70.5 min for DEPR vs. 16.5 min for TRANS (P = 0.01). Displacements were greater for DEPR than CON or TRANS during the first 90 min after accessing feed, while CON displaced more frequently than TRANS for the first 30 min (treatment × time; P = 0.02). While DMI for TRANS was not recovered until d 2, DEPR and CON had similar DMI on d 1 (treatment × day; P < 0.01). Similarly, TRANS BW were, and DEPR tended to be, lesser than CON on d 1; however, BW among treatments were not different on other days (treatment × day; P < 0.01). Thus, restricting feed increases aggressive interactions at the bunk and cattle trucked long distances are quick to lay down when allowed. These behaviors should be considered when managing an unintentional feed restriction event or receiving cattle into the feedlot.

The effect of increased rectal temperature on nitrogen metabolism in Brahman cross and Shorthorn X Hereford steers fed on lucerne chaff

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Vercoe
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

A study was made of the effect on nitrogen metabolism of increasing the rectal temperature of Brahman cross and British steers on controlled feed intake. When the rectal temperature of the British steers was 1.3 °C higher than that of the Brahman cross steers, they excreted 13.5 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the Brahman cross. When the Brahman cross steers had a rectal temperature 1.3 °C higher than the British, they excreted 8.7 g urinary nitrogen per day more than the British steers. At the same nitrogen intake there was no significant breed difference in the increase in urinary nitrogen per degree rise in rectal temperature. Increasing the rectal temperature had a small effect on appetite but did not affect the apparent nitrogen digestibility; the concentration of nitrogen in the faecal dry matter was higher under the heat treatment. The ambient temperature at which rectal temperatures were increased by 1.3 °C was about 31°C for the British steers and 45° for the Brahman cross steers. At the increased rectal temperature the Brahman cross steers drank significantly more water than the British steers although faecal and urinary water losses were similar.

scholarly journals Thermal dehydration-induced thirst in spontaneously hypertensive rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. R1302-R1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Barney ◽  
Gina L. Smith ◽  
Michael M. Folkerts
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Evaporative Water ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Wky Rats ◽  
Wistar Kyoto

Spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to either 25 or 37.5°C for 3.5 h, and their thermal and water balance responses were compared. After exposure, either a blood sample was obtained or the rats were allowed to rehydrate for 4 h. SH rats had both higher core temperatures and evaporative water losses during heat exposure. Measurements of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, plasma protein and sodium concentrations, and plasma osmolality indirectly showed that the SH rats were dehydrated relative to the WKY rats after exposure to either 25 or 37.5°C. SH rats drank significantly more water but also had significantly higher urine volumes than the WKY rats and thus rehydrated only slightly better than the WKY rats. SH and WKY rats had similar levels of water intake and urine output after 24 h of water deprivation. The elevated thermal response of SH rats to heat exposure does not appear to lead to uncompensatable changes in body water status.

Accuracy of the tritium water dilution method for determining water flux in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
R. G. White ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Dilution

The accuracy of the tritium water dilution method in estimating water flux was evaluated in reindeer under various conditions of temperature and diet. Two non-pregnant female reindeer were restrained in metabolism stalls, within controlled-environment chambers, at temperatures of + 10, −5, and −20 °C; varying amounts of a commercial pelleted ration (crude protein, 13%) or mixed lichens (crude protein, 3%) were offered, and water was provided ad libitum either as snow or in liquid form. Total body water volume and water turnover were estimated using tritiated water, and the daily outputs of feces and urine were measured for each of 12 different combinations of diet and temperature. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the tritium water dilution technique gives accurate determinations of total body water flux over a wide range of environmental and nutritional conditions.

Effect of water restriction and environmental temperatures on metabolic rate and physiological parameters in sheep

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Li ◽  
R. J. Christopherson ◽  
S. J. Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Plasma Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

The hypothesis that water restriction reduces metabolic rate and contributes to energy conservation of sheep, and induces changes in blood parameters was tested. Four of eight adult sheep were housed in either a warm (24.8 ± 1.5 °C) or cold (0.4 ± 1.2 °C) environment and fed a diet of alfalfa pellets at 1.2 × maintenance. Each sheep was fasted with or without water according to a crossover design. Average heat production (HP) and rectal temperature (Tr) were higher (P < 0.05) in the cold than in the warm. Fasting decreased HP and Tr (P < 0.05). Water restriction had no additional effect on HP and Tr. Fasting and fasting plus water restriction influenced plasma osmolality and creatinine concentration. Plasma creatinine concentration was lower (P < 0.01) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration higher in the cold than in the warm environment. Hb concentration was increased with water restriction (P < 0.01) in the warm environment. Plasma cortisol concentration was altered by fasting. Packed cell volume (PCV) in blood, plasma volume and plasma aldosterone were not affected by treatments. The results suggest that water restriction, per se, for 3 d does not suppress metabolic rate in sheep below that resulting from fasting alone. Key words: Heat production, sheep, temperature, water restriction

Comparison of two variants of the Fick principle for estimation of mammary blood flow in dairy cows fed two levels of dry matter intake

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pacheco-Rios ◽  
D. D. S. Mackenzie ◽  
W. C. McNabb
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Fick Principle ◽  
Ad Libitum

The estimation of the mammary blood flow (MBF) is an important component of studies of the utilization of metabolites by the mammary gland of lactating animals. Although there are several flow meters available to measure MBF by direct contact with the vessels perfusing the mammary gland, their use is limited mainly by the surgical preparation required for their implantation. For that reason, the application of the Fick principle was assessed as a mean to estimate MBF as part of a study on amino acid utilization by the mammary gland in three pasture-fed dairy cows at either ad libitum or restricted dry matter intakes. Two methods based on the Fick principle were assessed, namely, arterio-venous differences of amino acids (methionine: Met or phenylalanine+tyrosine: Phe + Tyr) and tritiated water (TOH). The estimated MBF was not significantly different for the Met and Phe + Tyr methods (average of 8.1 and 8.8 L min–1, respectively). The TOH method yielded a significantly lower (P < 0.05) estimate of blood flow (average of 5.3 L min–1). Using the Met and Phe+Tyr methods, the MBF was lower during the period of dietary restriction compared with the ad libitum treatment (average of 9.4 and 7.5 L min–1, respectively). In contrast, the TOH method resulted in a numerically higher MBF for the restricted group (5.7 vs. 4.9 L min–1). The short sampling period a nd the loss of indicator in the TOH method appear to be a disadvantage for extrapolating the estimated values to balance studies with lactating cows involving longer periods of time. The estimated values obtained using the Met or Phe + Tyr appear to be re presentative of the MBF during the experimental period. Therefore, any of these methods (Met, Phe + Tyr) may be used alone or in combination as an alternative to flow meters in studies of mammary metabolism. Key words: Dairy cows, mammary blood flow, Fick principle

Dehydration tolerance in Awassi fat-tailed sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Laden ◽  
L. Nehmadi ◽  
R. Yagil
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Urine Excretion ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Active Substances

Young Awassi sheep were subjected to 5-d periods of complete water restriction in metabolic cages. During water deprivation there were steady declines in food intake and faeces and urine excretion. The blood haematocrit and urine and plasma osmolalities increased. There was a decline in blood and faecal water. As dehydration progressed, urinary excretion of osmotically active substances was greatly reduced. When drinking water was presented following 5 d of restriction it took 24 h to replace water losses and for urine to be excreted. Faecal water did not return to normal within 24 h. The sheep were as capable of withstanding dehydration as the other small desert ruminants that are mentioned in the literature. The dehydrated sheep relied on faecal and renal water conservation to survive. The sheep are not rapid replenishers of water losses, nor are they rapid reabsorbers of water, making their stay at water holes longer than that of goats.

Meat composition and quality of young growing Belgian Blue bulls offered a fattening diet with selenium enriched cereals

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youcef Mehdi ◽  
Antoine Clinquart ◽  
Jean-Luc Hornick ◽  
Jean-François Cabaraux ◽  
Louis Istasse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Oxidative Rancidity ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Meat Composition ◽  
Basal Concentration

Mehdi, Y., Clinquart, A., Hornick, J.-L., Cabaraux, J.-F., Istasse, L. and Dufrasne, I. 2015. Meat composition and quality of young growing Belgian Blue bulls offered a fattening diet with selenium enriched cereals. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 465–473. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of selenium (Se) enrichment of cereals on the performance of Belgian Blue bulls, meat quality and chemical composition. Twenty-three bulls were used in the present study. Twelve bulls were offered a control diet containing Se at a basal concentration of 58 µg kg−1 of dry matter (DM) and the other 11 bulls were given a diet containing 173 µg kg−1 DM of Se by means of Se-enriched spelt and barley. The Se enrichment of the diet did not affect the growth performance, the slaughter data or meat quality (P > 0.05). There were no effects of Se on tenderness, oxidative rancidity and water losses. However, there were some effects of Se enrichment on the meat chemical composition. The ether extract was decreased from 2.1 to 1.7% DM (P<0.05). There was also significant Se enrichment (P<0.001) in the longissimus thoracis muscle (177 vs. 477 ng g−1 DM) and organs: liver (474 vs. 1126 ng g−1 DM) and kidney (4956 vs. 5655 ng g−1 DM), Under such conditions, the human consumption of a piece of such meat or liver can provide a large part of the recommended daily Se intake, estimated between 30 and 57%.

scholarly journals Common bean yield under water suppression and application of osmoprotectants

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 697-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano J. de C. Bastos ◽  
Frederico A. L. Soares ◽  
Camylla V. Sousa ◽  
Cássio J. Tavares ◽  
Marconi B. Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Water Suppression ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Bean Plants

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the common bean crop grown with application of osmoprotectants based on algae of the genus Durvillaea potatorum in the winter crop season, with occurrence or not of water suppression. The experiment used a randomized block design, in split plots, arranged in a 4x7 factorial scheme, in which the plots were composed of four treatments - periods of water suppression (7, 14, 21 days and the control treatment: 100% of field capacity throughout the crop cycle) and the subplots consisted of seven types of osmoprotectants. The treatments with osmoprotectants was applied during the full flowering of the common bean. Three days after application of osmoprotectants, the treatments with suppression of irrigation were established. The use of osmoprotectants based on algae of the genus Durvillaea does not affect the variables plant height, stem diameter, stem and pod dry matter, first pod height, number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod in common bean plants cultivated with occurrence of water suppression. Common bean plants under water restriction conditions have lower leaf and shoot dry matter and lower 100-grain weight. Common bean grain yield was influenced by the type of osmoprotectants and the water suppression period.

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