Nitrogen-Metabolism in the Parma Wallaby, Macropus-Parma

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Preferred Habitat ◽  
Moist Forest ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Urea Recycling

The maintenance nitrogen requirement of the parma wallaby, Macropus parma, was found to be 566 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a dietary basis, and 477 mg per kg W*0.75 per day on a truly digestible basis. This is similar to that of the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis, another small wallaby which occupies a similar moist forest habitat, but much higher than (at least double) those of four other macropodid marsupials, all of which are from less mesic environments, that have been studied. Urea recycling decreased in response to water restriction in M. parma; in other published reports urea recycling did not change in T. thetis when water intake was restricted, but in three arid-adapted eutherian herbivores it increased. Voluntary intakes of dry matter and water by M. parma wefe also similar to those published for T. thetis, but higher than those of other macropodid species. These results support the hypothesis that within the Macropodidae nutrient requirements are linked closely with preferred habitat, regardless of phylogeny.

Effects of Restricted Water-Intake on Digestion, Urea Recycling and Renal-Function in Wombats (Marsupialia, Vombatidae) From Contrasting Habitats

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Barboza
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Tritium Concentration ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Tubular Resorption ◽  
Contrasting Habitats ◽  
Urea Recycling

Responses to limited water availability were studied in two species of wombats from mesic (Vombatus ursinus) or xeric (Lasiorhinus latifrons) habitats. Four Vombatus and three Lasiorhinus were fed a low-quality straw-based diet containing 0.6% nitrogen and 68% neutral detergent fibre (dry-matter basis). Restriction to 50% of ad libitum intakes of drinking water reduced dry-matter intakes by 30% but did not alter digestibilities of fibre or nitrogen. Nitrogen balances were negative and similar between species and water intakes. Urea pool size (C-14 urea) increased during water restriction but urea-entry rates and the proportion of urea recycled to the gut were similar between water intakes (78-89%). Tritiated water was given to wombats in single intramuscular or intraperitoneal doses. Times to equilibration of tritium in urinary water were large and variable (45 +/- 36 h). Urinary tritium concentrations often declined erratically after equilibration, and were 14 +/- 14% lower than the tritium concentration in the blood. These irregular kinetics for tritiated water suggest that the water-dilution method requires validation for the wombats. Urinary and faecal water losses were reduced by 60% during water restriction. Water was mainly lost in the faeces, which were drier in Lasiorhinus (41 % dry matter) than in Vombatus (31 %). As blood haematocrit and plasma osmolality were similar between water intakes, extracellular spaces were apparently maintained during water restriction. Glomerular filtration rates (creatinine clearance) were low (12 mL min-1) and similar between water intakes. Therefore, a more concentrated urine was produced by tubular resorption in water-restricted wombats. Lasiorhinus had greater urinary osmolalities and urine: plasma ratios of creatinine, which reflected a greater urine-concentrating ability than Vombatus. Apparent water intakes and the ability to reduce urinary and faecal water losses in the wombats are similar to those of kangaroos. The contrasting abilities of Vombatus and Lasiorhinus to minimise both these water losses are directly related to their separate distributions.

scholarly journals Amaranth Response to Water Stress

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Josilaine Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Patrícia M. Crivelari Costa ◽  
Francisco De Almeida Lobo ◽  
Jean Pierre Moreira de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Amaranthus Cruentus ◽  
Brazilian Savannah ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Amaranth Species ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Food Value

Amaranth is a species that has rapid growth, tolerates drought and produces grains of high food value. In this work the potential for dry season cropping in the Brazilian savannah of two amaranth species (Amaranthus caudatus e Amaranthus cruentus) was studied, subjecting them to three different periods of water availability at the beginning of the crop. Weekly data were collected on height, dry matter mass of shoot, panicle and roots, and at the end of the cultivation, yield, harvest index, thousand-grain weight, water-productivity. It was also determined the falling plant estimation. In the dry matter production evaluation, it was observed that the water deficit caused the reduction of the shoot, but significant increase of the root. The A. caudatus Inca did not show a significant productivity difference between the treatments, with a mean of 1,591.0 kg ha-1 and reached harvest point at 63 days. The A. cruentus BRS Alegria had better productivity in the treatment without water restriction, average of 2,008.6 kg ha-1 and reached harvest point at 86 days. Both species have potential for dry season cropping in the Brazilian savannah.

Some effects of water restriction on nitrogen metabolism of cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Thornton ◽  
NG Yates
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen

Water restriction was found to decrease nitrogen retention in cattle when compared with periods of similar digestible energy intake but unrestricted water intake. The decreased nitrogen retention was associated with increases in both faecal nitrogen output and urinary urea excretion. The rise in urinary urea nitrogen excretion appeared to be mediated through increased plasma urea nitrogen concentration.

The effect of level of water intake on some aspects of digestion and nitrogen metabolism of the ‘desert sheep’ of the Sudan

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Elsayed Osman ◽  
B. Fadlalla
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Dactyloctenium Aegyptium

SUMMARYFive successive trials were conducted using eight adult rams (Sudan desert sheep) to study the effect of restriction of water intake on some aspects of digestion and nitrogen metabolism. The feeds used in this study were berseem hay (Medicago sativa), lubia hay (Dolichos lablab), maize hay (Zea mais), a concentrate mixture, and dry desert grasses (hummra) (a mixture ofDactyloctenium aegyptium, Schoenefeldia gracilis, Eragrostis pilosa, Aristida funiculataandAristidaspp.).Restriction of water did not affect the digestibility coefficients of organic matter, crude protein and crude fibre significantly. The digestibility coefficient of ether extract was significantly reduced whereas that of nitrogen-free extract was slightly higher when water was restricted.The concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen and of urea in the blood were recorded before and 3 h after feeding. Increases in rumen ammonia and blood urea nitrogen concentration were reduced by water restriction except when hummra was fed.Restriction of water intake also slightly increased thein vitrorate of fermentation of rumen contents which is taken as a measure of microbial activity in the rumen, and the retention of nitrogen. These results are interpreted as indications of more efficient nitrogen utilization under conditions of water restriction.There were no significant effects of the treatments on changes in the concentration of volatile fatty acids.The significance of these findings in relation to the management of desert sheep in the arid parts of the Sudan is discussed with special reference to the effect of the level of dry-matter intake on nitrogen balance.

scholarly journals 214 The effects of an 18-hour transit or complete feed and water restriction on feed bunk displacements and need preferences in growing feedlot steers

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 5-5
Author(s):  
Katie J Heiderscheit ◽  
Erin Deters ◽  
Alyssa Freestone ◽  
Joshua Peschel ◽  
Stephanie L Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Trained Observer ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Effect Of Treatment

Abstract The objective was to investigate effects of 18 h feed and water restriction or transit on cattle behavior. Angus-cross steers (36; 353 ± 33 kg) were housed in pens of 6 and assigned to treatments: control (CON), full access to feed and water; deprived (DEPR), no feed or water for 18 h; or transported (TRANS), trucked for 18 h. Individual BW (n = 12 steers/treatment) was recorded on d 0, 1, 3, 8, and 14, and individual dry matter intake (DMI) was determined via GrowSafe bunks. Bunk displacements on d 1 were recorded for each pen (n = 2 pens/treatment) by one trained observer continuously for 2 h in 10 min intervals via video analysis. Steer need preferences were assessed as time individuals took to perform behaviors (eat, drink, lay) after treatments ended on d 1. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS with fixed effect of treatment; displacements, BW, and DMI were analyzed as repeated measures. Upon return to pens, time to eat or drink did not differ between DEPR and TRANS (P ≥ 0.17), but time to lay was 70.5 min for DEPR vs. 16.5 min for TRANS (P = 0.01). Displacements were greater for DEPR than CON or TRANS during the first 90 min after accessing feed, while CON displaced more frequently than TRANS for the first 30 min (treatment × time; P = 0.02). While DMI for TRANS was not recovered until d 2, DEPR and CON had similar DMI on d 1 (treatment × day; P < 0.01). Similarly, TRANS BW were, and DEPR tended to be, lesser than CON on d 1; however, BW among treatments were not different on other days (treatment × day; P < 0.01). Thus, restricting feed increases aggressive interactions at the bunk and cattle trucked long distances are quick to lay down when allowed. These behaviors should be considered when managing an unintentional feed restriction event or receiving cattle into the feedlot.

scholarly journals Predicting Daily Dry Matter Intake Using Feed Intake of First Two Hours after Feeding in Mid and Late Lactation Dairy Cows with Fed Ration Three Times Per Day

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Shulin Liang ◽  
Chaoqun Wu ◽  
Wenchao Peng ◽  
Jian-Xin Liu ◽  
Hui-Zeng Sun
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Validation Dataset ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Independent Dataset ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Proposed Model

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using the dry matter intake of first 2 h after feeding (DMI-2h), body weight (BW), and milk yield to estimate daily DMI in mid and late lactating dairy cows with fed ration three times per day. Our dataset included 2840 individual observations from 76 cows enrolled in two studies, of which 2259 observations served as development dataset (DDS) from 54 cows and 581 observations acted as the validation dataset (VDS) from 22 cows. The descriptive statistics of these variables were 26.0 ± 2.77 kg/day (mean ± standard deviation) of DMI, 14.9 ± 3.68 kg/day of DMI-2h, 35.0 ± 5.48 kg/day of milk yield, and 636 ± 82.6 kg/day of BW in DDS and 23.2 ± 4.72 kg/day of DMI, 12.6 ± 4.08 kg/day of DMI-2h, 30.4 ± 5.85 kg/day of milk yield, and 597 ± 63.7 kg/day of BW in VDS, respectively. A multiple regression analysis was conducted using the REG procedure of SAS to develop the forecasting models for DMI. The proposed prediction equation was: DMI (kg/day) = 8.499 + 0.2725 × DMI-2h (kg/day) + 0.2132 × Milk yield (kg/day) + 0.0095 × BW (kg/day) (R2 = 0.46, mean bias = 0 kg/day, RMSPE = 1.26 kg/day). Moreover, when compared with the prediction equation for DMI in Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle (2001) using the independent dataset (VDS), our proposed model shows higher R2 (0.22 vs. 0.07) and smaller mean bias (−0.10 vs. 1.52 kg/day) and RMSPE (1.77 vs. 2.34 kg/day). Overall, we constructed a feasible forecasting model with better precision and accuracy in predicting daily DMI of dairy cows in mid and late lactation when fed ration three times per day.

scholarly journals Performance of sheep fed forage cactus with total water restriction

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alma Violeta CORDOVA-TORRES ◽  
Roberto Germano COSTA ◽  
Ariosvaldo Nunes de MEDEIROS ◽  
José Teodorico ARAÚJO FILHO ◽  
Alenice Ozino RAMOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Dunnett's Test ◽  
Nopalea Cochenillifera

SUMMARY A lack of water in livestock production can limit the performance of the animals; therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of water restriction on the growth performance of sheep that were fed forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera). Forty-two male sheep were used, with an average age and weight of ±100 days and 18.75 ± (2,05) kg , respectively, and they were fed diets containing concentrate, mineral mixture and three levels of substitution (30, 50 and 70%) of Tifton hay with forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera). The animals were slaughtered when they reached 32 kg (± 1 kg) of body weight or 90 days. The experimental design was a 3x2 factorial arrangement, forage cactus (30, 50, 70%) x water (with or without water) plus a control group (n=6). Variables were analyzed using Tukey and Dunnett's test at 5% with PROC GLM in SAS software. Voluntary water intake and dry matter intake (DMI) decreased with the inclusion of forage cactus; however, preformed water intake and total water intake increased with the inclusion of forage cactus. Water restriction and its interaction with the treatments had no effect on animal performance. Daily weight gain was higher for the diets with 30 and 50%forage cactus inclusion, at 174 and 155 g, respectively, compared with 90 g for the control diet. Cactus, therefore, can be used as a food supplement and water resource.

Effect of Water Restriction on Nitrogen Metabolism in Bovine Fed Two Levels of Nitrogen

1970 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Utley ◽  
N. W. Bradley ◽  
J. A. Boling
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Effect Of Water

PSXIV-9 Predicting dry matter intake in beef cattle with water intake and other variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 478-478
Author(s):  
Matthew E Wilson ◽  
Kevin Shaffer ◽  
Shane Plum ◽  
Kevin Garossino ◽  
Nicky Lansink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Visit Frequency ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Full Body

Abstract Technology that facilitates estimation of individual animal intake rates in group-housed settings will result in improvements in animal production and management efficiency. Estimating intake in pasture settings may benefit from models that use other variables as proxies. Relationships among dry matter intake (DMI), animal performance variables, and environmental variables to model DMI were investigated. 202 animals were studied in a drylot setting (153 bulls for 85 days and 55 steers for 55 days) using VYTELLE SENSETM In-Pen-Weighing and Feed-Intake nodes. A machine learning model was calibrated using: DMI, sex, age, full body weight, ADG, water intake, water visit frequency and duration. DMI was positively related to full body weight (r = 0.39, P < 0.001), water intake (r=0.23, P < 0.001), and ADG (r=0.18, P < 0.001). In addition, DMI had significant but weak correlations with water visit frequency (r=0.031, P < 0.001). DMI exhibited weak negative relationships with maximum air temperature (r=-0.094, P < 0.001) maximum relative humidity (r=-0.056, P < 0.001), net radiation (r=-0.040, P < 0.001), and precipitation (r=-0.022, P < 0.001). Weak positive relationships were observed between DMI and maximum wind speed (r=0.031, P < 0.001) and direction (r=-0.022, P < 0.001). The model was validated with resultant average RMSE of 1.06 kg for daily predicted DMI compared to measured daily DMI. In addition, when daily predicted DMI was averaged for each animal, the accuracy of model results improved with RMSE of 0.11 kg. Study results demonstrate that inclusion of water intake and animal performance variables improves predictive accuracy of DMI. Validating and refining the model used to predict DMI in drylots will facilitate future extrapolation to larger group field settings. Vytelle and its logo are trademarks of Vytelle, LLC.

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