Energy Requirements and Water Turnover in Free-Living Leadbeater's Possums, Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (Marsupialia: Petauridae).

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Smith ◽  
KA Nagy ◽  
MR Fleming ◽  
B Green
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
System Water

The field metabolic rate (FMC) and water turnover rate of free-living Leadbeater's possums (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) was estimated by means of doubly labelled water. This information was combined with field estimations of daily activity, and laboratory estimations of basal metabolism, to formulate daily energy budget. Possums emerged from their nest at dusk, but returned to them periodically throughout the night. An estimated 17.7 h of the day was spent in the nest at a total energy cost of 29 kJ (13% of FMR). Of the total 197 kJ expended during the 6.3-h active period, 10 kJ (4% of FMR) was attributable to maintenance costs, 23 kJ (10% of FMR) to thermoregulation, and 165 kJ (73% of FMR) to activity and specific dynamic action. The apparently high cost of activity is consistent with the dispersed nature of the possums' food supply and their well developed, territorial social system. Water turnover rates varied with season, sex and rainfall. Water shortage at certain periods of year may restrict exploitation of some food items (dehydrated plant exudates).

Rates of Water Turnover in Marsupials and Eutherians: a Comparative Review With New Data on the Tasmanian Devil.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sarcophilus Harrisii

Water turnover rates of Tasmania devils, Sarcophilus harrisii, were measured under standardized conditions by use of tritiated water. Total body water of lactating females was lower than in non- lactating animals, while water turnover rates per kilogram were not significantly different, due to a higher rate constant for lactating animals. Mean water turnover rates were considerably higher than predicted from other marsupial studies. Statistical analysis of data from 13 species of marsupial and 27 eutherian species showed habitat to have a far greater effect on standard water turnover rate than phylogeny.

Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

Variation in Water Turnover by Wild Rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in an Arid Environment, due to Season, Age Group and Reproductive Condition

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Richards
Keyword(s):  
Arid Environment ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Individual Rate ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Rates of water turnover were measured in free-living rabbits during a period of wide variation of climate and water availability. Mean rate of water turnover was positively correlated with the hydration of the pasture (r = 0.987). Mean turnover rates per day ranged from 214.3 ml kg-1 in cool, wet conditions to 55.4 ml kg-' in a moderate summer drought. The lowest individual rate was 46.1 ml kg-1 per day. The rate of water turnover in young rabbits (1-2 months old) was significantly higher than that of adults measured at the same time; this may contribute to the low survival of young rabbits in dry seasons. A comparison of the rates of water turnover from lactating rabbits in wet and dry seasons shows that the estimated milk production under dry pasture conditions is below that required to maintain a litter of young.

Energy Requirements and Sodium and Water Turnovers in Two Captive Marsupial Carnivores: the Tasmanian Devil, Sarcophilus Harrisii, and the Native Cat, Dasyurus Viverrinus.

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Green ◽  
IH Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Sarcophilus Harrisii

Captive Sarcophilus harrisii and Dasyurus viverrinus were fed on rats and provided with water ad libitum. Apparent dry matter digestibility was about 80% and apparent energy digestibility was about 88% in both species. The daily water turnover rate was approximately 130 ml per W*0.82 in both species, but S. harrisii obtained substantially more water by drinking than D. viverrinus. Sodium turnover rates were closely correlated with food consumption.

Seasonal energetics of the long-nosed bandicoot (Perameles nasuta) in coastal New South Wales

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Thums ◽  
Ian D. Hume ◽  
Lesley A. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
New South ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Field Metabolic Rates

Water-turnover rates and field metabolic rates were measured in long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta) near Newcastle, New South Wales, over two summers and two winters. Water-turnover rates were higher in lactating than in non-lactating females, and higher in winter than in summer, possibly because of a relatively high proportion (50%) of females at or near peak lactation in one winter. There were no significant differences in field metabolic rates between seasons or among groups (males, lactating females and non-lactating females). The overall field metabolic rate of the long-nosed bandicoot was within 9% of the predicted value for a marsupial of its size, and similar to rates reported for most other bandicoots, both temperate and arid-zone species. Its overall water-turnover rate was within 18% of the predicted marsupial value, but higher than values reported for arid-zone bandicoot species. Comparison with other data indicates that seasonal changes in water-turnover rate are related to changes in reproductive status (especially lactation), as in this study, but for field metabolic rate, seasonal changes are related to changes in water status and thus productivity of the environment.

Seasonal Water Turnover Rates of Free-Living Brandt's Voles Microtus brandti

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Zhi-long ◽  
Liu Zhong-min ◽  
Sun Ru-yong
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living

Comparative water flux and daily energy expenditure of lizards of the genus Gallotia (Lacertidae) from the Canary Islands

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Baez ◽  
Roland Vernet ◽  
Jacques Castanet
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Average Water

AbstractWater fluxes and daily energy expenditure (DEE) of Gallotia galloti, G. stehlini and G. atlantica, were estimated over a three-year period using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method. Water influx varied little between seasons and between sexual categories. Juveniles tended to have higher water fluxes in spring in all three species; after a dry period the water turnover tended to decrease for all sexes in G. galloti and G. stehlini, whereas little variation was observed for G. atlantica. The average water influx, combined for all periods, was 46.27, 50.97 and 38.20 ml H2O.kg-1 d-1 for the three species respectively; only the last value differs significantly from the remaining two. The mean DEE, for all periods combined, were 189.7, 179.4 and 146.5 J g-1 d-1 for the three species respectively. As for water turnover, only the value for G. atlantica differed significantly. These data suggest that: G. atlantica may be better adaptated to maintain homeostasis during dry periods and that differences in interspecific DEE can also be explained by others factors than differences in habitat, climatic conditions, daily profiles of activity or body temperatures. We suspect that the incidence of intraspecific competition has more importance in G. atlantica than in the two other species.

Comparative daily energy expenditure and water turnover by Dorper and Merino sheep measured using doubly labelled water

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Munn ◽  
Yohannes Alemseged ◽  
Catharina Vendl ◽  
Mathew Stewart ◽  
Keith Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Field Metabolic Rate ◽  
Grazing Impacts ◽  
Small Holding ◽  
Meat Sheep ◽  
Breed Sheep

Details of the energy (food) requirements of domestic herbivores are essential for predicting grazing pressures and subsequent ecological impacts on rangelands. However, these details are lacking for some of the more recently introduced sheep breeds to Australia, such as the Dorper breed sheep, which are principally meat sheep, and it is uncertain how they compare with the traditional Merino, a wool-breed, sheep. We used the doubly labelled water method to compare the field metabolic rate and water turnover rate of Dorpers and Merinos grazing together in a small holding paddock in a typical rangeland environment. We found no significant differences in field metabolic rate (Dorpers 481 ± 125 kJ and Merinos 500 ± 109 kJ kg–0.73 day–1) or water turnover rate (Dorpers 397 ± 57 mL and Merinos 428 ± 50 mL kg–0.8 day–1). As such we conclude that under controlled conditions with limited movement and ready access to feed and water, dry sheep equivalent of 1 is appropriate for Dorpers (that is, one Dorper ewe had a grazing requirement equal to one standard, dry Merino wether). However, we also found that the field metabolic rate for Merinos under these conditions was only around half that measured in published studies for animals ranging freely in a large paddock system. This suggests that more work is needed to fully appreciate the energetic and grazing impacts of Dorpers versus Merinos under more realistic grazing conditions (e.g. large paddock systems) where feed and water are more spread. It also highlights limitations of the current dry sheep equivalent rating system, which has been derived from laboratory measures of sheep metabolic rates.

Summer Water Turnover Rates in Free-Living Chukars and Sand Partridges in the Negev Desert

The Condor ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Berry Pinshow ◽  
Philip U. Alkon
Keyword(s):  
Negev Desert ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living
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