Variation in Water Turnover by Wild Rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in an Arid Environment, due to Season, Age Group and Reproductive Condition

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 289 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Richards
Keyword(s):  
Arid Environment ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Reproductive Condition ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Individual Rate ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Rates of water turnover were measured in free-living rabbits during a period of wide variation of climate and water availability. Mean rate of water turnover was positively correlated with the hydration of the pasture (r = 0.987). Mean turnover rates per day ranged from 214.3 ml kg-1 in cool, wet conditions to 55.4 ml kg-' in a moderate summer drought. The lowest individual rate was 46.1 ml kg-1 per day. The rate of water turnover in young rabbits (1-2 months old) was significantly higher than that of adults measured at the same time; this may contribute to the low survival of young rabbits in dry seasons. A comparison of the rates of water turnover from lactating rabbits in wet and dry seasons shows that the estimated milk production under dry pasture conditions is below that required to maintain a litter of young.

Water Physiology and Nutrition in Fluctuating Populations of Rattus-Colletti in Monsoonal Northern-Territory, Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
CK Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Fluctuating Populations ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

During wet and dry seasons and transitions of the monsoonal cycle, rates of water turnover and nutritional variables were measured on a population of Rattus colletti which fluctuated between extremes of high and low abundance. Rate of water turnover (RWT in millilitres per day) and body weight ( W, in kilograms) were related allometrically: RWT = aW*O.742 � 0.061, where a varied between seasons and sexes. Seasonal rates of water turnover were consistent with physiological adaptation in R. colletti to seasonal aridity. Rate of water turnover correlated with seasonal hydric regime, varying by a factor of 3.5 between dry and wet seasons. During the wet season, low body weight and lack of breeding seemed to be caused by flooding and its physical and social consequences. During dry season aridity the rats were short of food and water, but not in a dry season when rain fell and breeding ensued. Reproduction increased requirements for food and water in both sexes. Juveniles had relatively high requirements, and shortages appeared to retard growth. Very large populations resulted from prolific breeding after dry season rain had sustained high consumption of food and water on the riverine plains, the dry season habitat. Population decline resulted from very high wet season rainfall followed by a rainless dry season when food and water intakes were depressed, probably because the previous rainfall pattern reduced the availability of sedge corms, the dry season source of food and water. This climatic pattern recurred in the next wet and dry seasons, reinforcing the effects on R, colletti, which became rare for several years on both riverine systems studied.

Seasonal Water Turnover Rates of Free-Living Brandt's Voles Microtus brandti

1992 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Zhi-long ◽  
Liu Zhong-min ◽  
Sun Ru-yong
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living

Energy Requirements and Water Turnover in Free-Living Leadbeater's Possums, Gymnobelideus Leadbeateri (Marsupialia: Petauridae).

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
AP Smith ◽  
KA Nagy ◽  
MR Fleming ◽  
B Green
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Specific Dynamic Action ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Plant Exudates ◽  
System Water

The field metabolic rate (FMC) and water turnover rate of free-living Leadbeater's possums (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) was estimated by means of doubly labelled water. This information was combined with field estimations of daily activity, and laboratory estimations of basal metabolism, to formulate daily energy budget. Possums emerged from their nest at dusk, but returned to them periodically throughout the night. An estimated 17.7 h of the day was spent in the nest at a total energy cost of 29 kJ (13% of FMR). Of the total 197 kJ expended during the 6.3-h active period, 10 kJ (4% of FMR) was attributable to maintenance costs, 23 kJ (10% of FMR) to thermoregulation, and 165 kJ (73% of FMR) to activity and specific dynamic action. The apparently high cost of activity is consistent with the dispersed nature of the possums' food supply and their well developed, territorial social system. Water turnover rates varied with season, sex and rainfall. Water shortage at certain periods of year may restrict exploitation of some food items (dehydrated plant exudates).

Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: field studies of the body-water turnover of game and livestock

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover

SUMMARYField studies were made of tritiated water turnover, drinking water and dietary water intake throughout the year, in 212 animals of the following species: African buffalo, dromedary camel, zebu cow, eland, small East African goat, fringe-eared oryx, and Dorper sheep.There were significant differences (P< 0·005) in the water drunk and water turnover between species and between seasons. Furthermore the species (or season) differences were also significantly different (P< 0·005) for each season (or species). The lowest turnover rates were found in oryx, then camel, sheep, goat, eland, cow and buffalo, when expressed in ml/l0·82/day, which was the appropriate metabolic unit for these species.The restraints imposed by traditional African animal husbandry have drastically reduced the natural ability of eland to conserve body water but had much less effect on buffalo and oryx. The reason appears to be that eland is behaviourally adapted to a semi-arid environment, whereas a species like oryx is more physiologically adapted.

Summer Water Turnover Rates in Free-Living Chukars and Sand Partridges in the Negev Desert

The Condor ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Berry Pinshow ◽  
Philip U. Alkon
Keyword(s):  
Negev Desert ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living

Adaptations to prolonged fasting in free-living weaned gray seal pups

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. R267-R272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Gray Seal ◽  
Composition Changes

The water and energy metabolism of 12 free-living gray seal pups during their postweaning fast was investigated using tritiated water for determination of rates of energy expenditure and water turnover and changes in body composition. Changes in serum composition and urinary output were also measured. The duration of the postweaning fast ranged from 10 to greater than 28 days. The mean daily energy expenditure of pups was 12.0 +/- 1.0 (SE) MJ, equivalent to 2.7 times the basal metabolic rate predicted from M. Kleiber (The Fire of Life. Huntington, NY: Krieger, 1975). On average, lipid catabolism provided 94% of the energy used. Water-turnover rates were lower than predicted from C. R. Richmond, W. H. Langham, and T. T. Trujillo (J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 59: 45-55, 1962). Urinary output of water and solute were also low, and these declined as the fast progressed. Although pups were in negative water balance, there was no evidence that they experience dehydration during the post-weaning fast. The principal adaptations to prolonged fasting in weaned gray seals are, therefore, lowering of field metabolic and water-turnover rate and reliance on stored lipid as fuel.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Temperature Dependent Variations in Proximate Parameters and Mineral Elements of Smoke-Dried Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell, 1822) using Traditional and Eco-Friendly Kilns in Lagos, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643
Author(s):  
M.M. Ogunbambo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Smoke-drying Clarias gariepinus (catfish) provides animal protein and a source of livelihood in Lagos, Nigeria. Changes occurring to seasonal and mineral compositions of smoke-dried catfish using local Traditional Drum Kiln (TDK) and a newly constructed Eco-Friendly Kiln (EFK) fitted with a flame, drying and electronic components was carried out in this study. The smoke-drying process was carried out in both wet and dry seasons and smoke-dried catfish samples stored at ambient and adjusted refrigerated temperatures of 28 and 4 0C. The smoke-drying procedure was  standardized at 60 - 80 0C and kiln lasted 24 ± 3 hours. Moisture content results showed a significant difference when the catfish samples were smoke-dried using TDK and EFK and stored in ambient and controlled temperatures in both wet and dry seasons while crude protein, lipid, ash and crude fibre values were significantly different when stored only in dry season. Mineral elements phosphorus, sodium, copper, magnesium and iron showed a significant difference when stored at both temperatures and seasons using both kilns. Mineral elements were found to be most stable in smoke-dried catfish samples when stored at controlled temperatures. This work proved that standardizing smoke-drying process using both kilns resulted in good quality smoke-dried catfish but showed that higher biochemical values were obtained when EFK is used. Key words: Nigeria, Smoke-drying Kilns, Seasons, Ambient, Controlled Temperatures

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