Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 1. Intake and Digestion of Lucerne Hay and Fresh Grass, Phalaris Aquatica.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Diet Intake ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Intake and digestion of chopped lucerne hay was studied in three macropodine species, eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus. red-necked pademelon Thylogale thetis and tammar wallaby M. eugenii, and in sheep. The utilization of fresh Phalaris grass by the two wallaby species T. thetis and M. eugenii was also examined and compared. On the chopped lucerne hay diet, intake of organic matter (OM) was similar in sheep and M. giganteus, but sheep digested more (P<0.05) OM and thus consumed more (P<0.05) digestible energy (DE) than all three macropodine species. Among the macropodines. M. eugenii consumed the least (P<0.01) OM and DE but digested more (P<0.05) OM. However, acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility was similar in the three macropodine species and lower (P<0.05) than in sheep. On the fresh grass diet M. eugenii consumed less (P<0.05) OM and DE than T. thetis. ADF digestibility was similar in both species. Although ,M. eugenii consumed less nitrogen (N) than the other three species on the lucerne diet (P<0.01) and less N than T. thetis on the Phalaris diet (P<0.05), N balance was similar and positive in all species. Data from this and other published studies indicate that the maintenance requirements for energy and nitrogen of most macropodines are lower than for sheep, and appear to be lower in M, eugenii than in any other macropodine studied so far. It is also apparent that there are probably few real differences among the Macropodinae in efficiency of fibre digestion, at least on diets of adequate nitrogen and DE content.

Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 4. Digestion in the Stomach and the Intestine of Macropus Giganteus, Thylogale Thetis and Macropus Eugenii.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow ◽  
ID Hume
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

4. Digestion in the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis), the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and the eastern grey kangaroo (M. giganteus) fed on chopped lucerne hay freely was estimated in a slaughter experiment by reference to chromic sesquioxide added to the diet. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia, and pH, indicated that microbial activity in the forestomach and large intestine (caecum and proximal colon) was extensive. In all 3 species virtually all of the soluble carbohydrate, 17% of apparently digestible crude protein, 62 to 65% of apparently digestible organic matter and 82 to 85% of digestible acid-detergent fibre were digested in the forestomach. There was a progressive loss of dietary substrates along the length of the forestomach; readily fermentable carbohydrate was digested largely in the sacciform forestomach and cranial region of the tubiform forestomach, and the rate of apparent loss of organic matter decreased along the tubiform forestomach.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS BY WEST AFRICAN DWARF (WAD) SHEEP.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
A. A. TAIWO ◽  
E. A. ADEBOWALE ◽  
A. O. AKINSOYINU ◽  
J. F. D. GREENHALGH
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

Feedblocks, poultry manure diet, gliricidia: leucaena mixture (1:1 W/W) and maize offal diet were compared as sources of protein supplements for WAD sheep fed a basal diet of elephant grass hay (Pennisetum purpureum), through a 12-week performance and digestibility study. Dry matter and organic matter intakes (DMI, OMI) of the sheep were higher (P0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on the other diets. DMI on poultry manure and maize offal diets were not significant (P0.05). Organic matter intake (OMI) of the animals followed the same trend as DMI. Sheep fed legume supplements excelled in intakes of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and digestibilities of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (P>0.05). Intakes of CP and ADF by sheep on the other supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Sheep fed on feedblock supplement consumed the least amount. (P0.05) of NDF. Variations were observed in DM,OM, and NDF digestibilities by sheep on maize offal, poultry manure and legumes supplements. Crude protein digestibility in the legumes and feedblocks supplements was higher (P0.05) than with the other two supplements. All the sheep used gained weights but those on maize offa' diet recorded higher (P0.05). weight gain (86.57g) than those on browse leaves (59.40g), feedblocks (47.80g) and poultry manure (40.44g). Rumen pH was lower (P<0.05) on the gliricidia: leucaena supplement than on other diets. Total VFA recorded for sheep on maize offal diet and legumes supplements was higher (P<0.05) than for the other two supplements. Blood urea nitrogen of the supplements were not significantly different (P>0.05) 

Studies on the Nutrition of Macropodine Marsupials. 3. The Flow of Digesta Through the Stomach and Intestine of Macropodines and Sheep.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Dellow
Keyword(s):  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Differential Flow ◽  
Tubular Flow ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Kinetics Of

3. The two markers 51chromium EDTA and 103ruthenium were used to examine and compare digesta flow in the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), the red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis), the tammar wallaby (M. eugenii), the eastern wallaroo (M. robustus robustus) and in sheep fed on chopped lucerne hay, and in T. thetis and M. eugenii fed on fresh grass (Phalaris aquatica). The markers were also used to define the kinetics of digesta flow in the intestine, and to estimate the flow of fluid and DM through defined regions of the stomach and intestines of T. thetis and M. eugenii fed on the lucerne diet. The pattern of digesta flow and the degree of differential flow of the 2 markers observed in the macropodines differed markedly from those in sheep and were attributed solely to the mode of transport through the elongated stomach. In the macropodines it was apparent that total mixing of forestomach contents did not occur; rather, digesta flowed slowly along the tubiform forestomach. The relationship of this mode of transport, defined as tubular flow, to stomach structure, and the possible effects on digestion in the forestomach, are discussed.

Diet attributes of lactating ewes at pasture using faecal NIRS and relationship to pasture characteristics and milk production

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BOVAL ◽  
E. ORTEGA-JIMENEZ ◽  
A. FANCHONE ◽  
G. ALEXANDRE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYIn order to assess the diet of lactating ewes fed at pasture and the relationship of diet quality to pasture characteristics and milk production (MP), 12 lactating ewes were monitored during five lactation cycles (LCs). Individual faecal samples were collected three times per LC and scanned using a Foss NIRSystem 6500 monochromator. The organic matter digestibility (OMD), organic matter intake (OMI), digestible OMI (DOMI) and the chemical composition of the herbage ingested, i.e. the crude protein (CP) content of the herbage ingested (CPi) and the acid detergent fibre and lignin contents of the herbage ingested (ADFi and ADLi), were determined. The MP of the ewes and the pasture characteristics were measured and their relationships with diet quality were analysed.OMI and DOMI were higher during the first and the fourth LC (P<0·01). OMD and CPi were higher during the second and the fifth LC (P<0·01). MP varied with OMI (P<0·01) and with DOMI (MP=0·1362×DOMI0·53, R2=0·40, P<0·001), whereas it was negatively correlated with OMD (r=−0·46, P<0·001). OMD and CPi were both positively correlated with the CP content of the pasture (r=0·25, P<0·03; r=0·50, P<0·001), whereas the ADFi was negatively correlated with CP content (r=−0·48, P<0·01). The variation in OMI, DOMI and MP, on the one hand, and OMD and CPi, on the other, throughout the different LCs illustrates the importance of measuring several parameters when evaluating diets at pasture.

Digestibility and voluntary intake by sheep of five Digitaria species

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (127) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Minson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Voluntary Intake

Data are reported on the voluntary intake and digestibility by sheep of five species of Digitaria when grown as swards, cut at five different stages of growth and analysed for neutraldetergent solubles, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, N, S, Na, K, P, Ca, Mg, Si, Cu, Mn, and Zn. Digitaria setivalva was superior to the other four species in in vivo digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter and energy (5.2 percentage units), content of metabolizable energy (5.3%), voluntary intake of dry matter (8 0%) and voluntary intake of metabolizable energy (18.1 %). This superiority was associated with a higher content of digestible neutral-detergent solubles and cellulose. The metabolizable energy contents of the grasses were significantly correlated with dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility, content of digestible dry matter and concentrations of crude protein, neutral-detergent fibre, acid-detergent fibre, lignin and combinations of these different fractions.

scholarly journals Intake, digestion and small intestinal protein availability in sheep in relation to ammoniation of wheat straw with or without protein supplementation

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Oosting ◽  
J. Van Bruchem ◽  
X. B. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
The Other ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Potato Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Availability ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Small Intestinal

The effects of ammoniation of wheat straw with or without supplementation of protein sources of either high (casein) or relatively low (potato protein) rumen degradability on intake and digestion were studied with four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Rations offered were: (1) untreated wheat straw (UWS), (2) ammoniated wheat straw (AWS), (3) AWS supplemented with 3·2 g casein/kg live weight (W)0·75 per d (AWSC) and (4) AWS supplemented with 3·9 g potato protein/kg W0·75per d (AWSP). Straw was offered ad lib. and all rations were supplemented with sugarbeet pulp and a mineral mixture. NH3 treatment increased intake and digestion. Supplementation of AWS with potato protein increased total digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) compared with AWS whereas supplementation with casein did not affect total DOMI. Protein supplementation of AWS significantly reduced rumen digestion of cellulose, and when the supplementation was with casein it reduced rumen digestion of neutral-detergent fibre and hemicellulose also. This lower rumen digestion was compensated by a higher proportion of digestion occurring in the hindgut for hemicellulose (P<0·05 for AWSC, P>0·05 for AWSP), but not for cellulose. Across all rations, rumen fluid volume increased with increasing cell-wall intake. The efficiencies of microbial protein synthesis were (average of three different methods of estimation) 23·3, 26·2, 34·8 and 31·7gN/kg apparently-rumen-degraded organic matter for UWS, AWS, AWSC and AWSP respectively. The difference between UWS and AWS was not significant, but values for AWSC and AWSP were significantly higher than that for AWS. The rumen digestion of feed aimno acid-N (AA-N) was significantly higher for AWSC than for the other rations. The apparent small-intestinal digestion of AA-N and N was significantly higher for AWSP than for the other rations. The true small-intestinal digestion values were 0·86, 0·84 and 0·68 for AA-N, N and non-protein-N respectively. Heal endogenous losses of AA-N were approximately 6 mg/g duodenal non-protein dry-matter flow. Linear relationships were observed between DOMI and N balance and truly absorbed AA-N, indicating that DOMI could have been limited by small-intestinal amino acid availability. Regression of N balance v. truly absorbed AA-N resulted in an estimate of net efficiency of utilization of truly absorbed AA-N of 0·54.

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

The effect of different proportions of hay and fortified rolled barley in the diet on digestible-energy value and urinary-energy excretion by cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Raven
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentrate Treatment

SUMMARYA 6 x 6 Latin Square balance experiment was carried out using six Friesian steers, each of which initially weighed about 304 kg. The six treatments studied were an all-hay diet and five other diets containing 20,40,60,80 and 100 % of rolled barley fortified with mineral and vitamin supplements, accompanied by correspondingly reduced proportions of hay. Each diet was fed at an estimated maintenance level of feeding.The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in both digestible and calculated metabolizable energy. The actual increase in digestible energy was from 2·62Mcal/kg dry matter (59·3% of the gross energy) on the all-hay treatment to 3·42 Mcal/kg dry matter (79·5% of the gross energy) on the all-concentrate treatment. Use of the determined digestible energy values for the all-hay and fortified barley diets to calculate the digestible energy of the four mixed diets gave results in reasonably good agreement with the determined values, the maximum difference being 0·12 Mcal/kg dry matter, which represented 3·83 % of the determined value. The losses of energy in the urine expressed as percentages of the gross energy of the diets showed a small but significantly linear decrease (P < 0·01) with increase in proportion of barley in the diet. The molar proportions of steamvolatile acids in samples of rumen fluid taken from two animals on each treatment indicated that increase in the proportion of concentrate was associated with tendencies for increase in acetic acid, decrease in propionic acid and little change in butyric acid. The mean digestibility of the organic matter was 62·6 % on the all-hay treatment and 81·8 % on the all concentrate treatment. The progressive increase in the proportion of concentrate gave a significantly linear increase (P < 0·001) in digestibility of the organic matter. Although intakes of nitrogen decreased with increase in the proportion of concentrate due to a decrease in the amount of dry matter fed, the weights of nitrogen retained were well maintained and when expressed as percentages of intake showed a significantly linear increase (P < 0·01).

Partial cut harvesting and ectomycorrhizae: early effects in Douglas-fir-larch forests of western Montana

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Harvey ◽  
M. J. Larsen ◽  
M. F. Jurgensen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Larch Forests ◽  
Early Effects

Numbers of ectomycorrhizae were assessed 3 years after harvesting approximately 50% of the overstory in two Douglas-fir-larch stands in western Montana, one was subjected to intensive residue removal, the other broadcast burned 1 year after harvest. Numbers of active ectomycorrhizal root tips were significantly reduced in the broadcast burned stand compared to either the intensively utilized stand or to an adjacent, undisturbed stand. This indicates that on difficult-to-regenerate sites, particularly where soil organic matter is low, it may be advantageous to dispose of slash created in partial cuts by means other than burning.

Estimates of the energy required for maintenance by adult sheep 2. Grazing sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Langlands ◽  
J. L. Corbett ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
G. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

SUMMARYThe mean daily digestible organic matter intake (D) of each of 47 adult sheep during a grazing period of mean length 48 days was estimated by the chromium sesquioxide/faecal nitrogen technique. Mean live-weights (W) and mean daily weight gains (G) were also measured.The regression of D on W and G, and the underlying or functional relationship between D, W and G were both estimated. From the underlying relationship, the preferred equation, the maintenance requirement of a 100 lb. sheep at pasture is estimated to be 1·02 lb. digestible organic matter daily. This value is 24% higher than the corresponding value for housed sheep obtained previously by us.This result is compared with other estimates of the energy cost of grazing and it is concluded that further work is needed in order to define those circumstances which elevate the maintenance requirements of grazing animals.

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