A multivariate approach to variation in microfilariae: examination of species Wuchereria lewisi and Demes of the species W. bancrofti

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Canonical Analysis ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Population Means ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Individual

Morphological differences between W. lewisi and demes of W. bancrofti result primarily from differences in the size of the individual microfilaria. A canonical analysis shows complete separation of the species. Because of the poor correlations between the characters, shape differences are not consistent and are not revealed by this analysis. Shape differences may be postulated on the basis of the ratios of the means. However, these ratios tend to be highly variable within populations because of poor correlations between the characters, and there will be considerable overlap of the ratios between the two species. An assumption of high correlations (and hence consistent ratios) between characters results in two canonical variates which may be interpreted as reflecting shape differences. The relatively low correlations between the measurements tend to give a result similar to that by a principal components approach on the population means. Correlations within populations are generally low and therefore have little influence in determining between-population differences. Under these circumstances principal components and the more efficient canonical variates give similar results. The different assumptions implicit in the two approaches are discussed.

Some Morphological Differences Between the Subspecies of Cutthroat Trout, Salmo clarkii clarkii and Salmo clarkii lewisi, in British Columbia

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 903-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. U. Qadri
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Spot Number ◽  
Coastal Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Coastal cutthroat trout, S. c. clarkii Richardson, occupy most lakes and streams of coastal British Columbia, including the adjacent islands. Yellowstone cutthroat, S. c. lewisi (Girard), occupy southeastern British Columbia; their range is separated from that of the coastal subspecies by a zone lacking cutthroat trout. A map showing all natural distribution records in the province is presented. From 60 to 146 specimens were examined for distinguishing characters. Spots below the lateral line are more numerous towards the anterior end in S. c. clarkii, but more numerous towards the posterior end in S. c. lewisi. A plot of spot number in selected areas of the body provides almost complete separation of individuals of the two subspecies. Significant differences also occur in certain scale counts and in body and peduncle depth, although these characters overlap considerably between the subspecies. No difference was found in vertebral count.

scholarly journals Feed efficiency of lactating Holstein cows is less reproducible when changing dietary starch and fibre concentrations than within diet over subsequent lactation stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amélie Fischer ◽  
Philippe Gasnier ◽  
Philippe Faverdin
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Diet Change ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Starch Diet

ABSTRACTBackgroundImproving feed efficiency has become a common target for dairy farmers to meet the requirement of producing more milk with fewer resources. To improve feed efficiency, a prerequisite is to ensure that the cows identified as most or least efficient will remain as such, independently of diet composition. Therefore, the current research analysed the ability of lactating dairy cows to maintain their feed efficiency while changing the energy density of the diet by changing its concentration in starch and fibre. A total of 60 lactating Holstein cows, including 33 primiparous cows, were first fed a high starch diet (diet E+P+), then switched over to a low starch diet (diet E−P−). Near infra-red (NIR) spectroscopy was performed on each individual feed ingredient, diet and individual refusals to check for sorting behaviour. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to analyse if the variability in NIR spectra of the refusals was explained by the differences in feed efficiency.ResultsThe error of reproducibility of feed efficiency across diets was 2.95 MJ/d. This error was significantly larger than the errors of repeatability estimated within diet over two subsequent lactation stages, which were 2.01 MJ/d within diet E−P− and 2.40 MJ/d within diet E+P+. The coefficient of correlation of concordance (CCC) was 0.64 between feed efficiency estimated within diet E+P+ and feed efficiency estimated within diet E−P−. This CCC was smaller than the one observed for feed efficiency estimated within diet between two subsequent lactation stages (CCC = 0.72 within diet E+P+ and 0.85 within diet E−P−). The first two principal components of the PCA explained 90% of the total variability of the NIR spectra of the individual refusals. Feed efficiency was poorly correlated to those principal components, which suggests that feed sorting behaviour did not explain differences in feed efficiency.ConclusionsFeed efficiency was significantly less reproducible across diets than repeatable within the same diet over subsequent lactation stages, but cow’s ranking for feed efficiency was not significantly affected by diet change. The differences in sorting behaviour between cows were not associated to feed efficiency differences in this trial neither with the E+P+ diet nor with the E−P− diet. Those results have to be confirmed with cows fed with more extreme diets (for example roughage only) to ensure that the least and most efficient cows will not change.

scholarly journals KONSEP HAK MILIK DALAM EKONOMI ISLAM

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-207
Author(s):  
AN Ras Try Astuti ◽  
Andi Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Economic System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Joint Ownership ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Individual

Capitalism as an economic system that is implemented by most countries in the world today, in fact it gave birth to injustice and social inequalityare increasingly out of control. Social and economic inequalities are felt both between countries (developed and developing countries) as well as insociety itself (the rich minority and the poor majority). The condition is born from the practice of departing from faulty assumptions about the man. In capitalism the individual to own property released uncontrollably, causing a social imbalance. On the other hand, Islam never given a state model that guarantees fair distribution of ownership for all members of society, ie at the time of the Prophet Muhammad established the Islamic government in Medina. In Islam, the private ownership of property was also recognized but not absolute like capitalism. Islam also recognizes the forms of joint ownership for the benefit of society and acknowledges the ownership of the state that aims to create a balance and social justice.

scholarly journals Inter-examiner reliability of the clinical parts of MRCPsych part II examinations

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 342-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femi Oyebode ◽  
Sanju George ◽  
Veena Math ◽  
Sayeed Haque
Keyword(s):  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Patient Assessment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Oral Examinations ◽  
The Individual

Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to investigate the interrater reliability of the clinical component of the MRCPsych part II examinations, namely the individual patient assessment and the patient management problems. In the study period, there were 1546 candidates and 773 pairs of examiners. Kappa scores for pairs of examiners in both these assessments were calculated.ResultsThe kappa scores for exact numerical agreement between the pairs of examiners in both individual patient assessment and patient management problems were only moderate (0.4 –0.5). However, the kappa scores for agreement between pairs of examiners for the reclassified pass and fail categories were very good (0.8).Clinical ImplicationsThe poor reliability of the traditional long case and oral examinations in general is one of the most potent arguments against their use. Our finding suggests that the College clinical examinations are at least not problematic from this point of view, particularly if global pass or fail judgements rather than discrete scores are applied.

scholarly journals Traditions of franciscanism and pilgrimage in the life and work of A. Dobrolyubov

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (25) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Literary Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Silver Age ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Artistic Interpretation ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
The Individual

The fate and personality of Alexander Dobrolyubov gave rise to a kind of Dobrolyubov myth about the eternal wanderer in the culture of the Russian Silver Age and in many ways unfairly obscured his literary work. The article traces the influence of Francis of Assisi on Dobrolyubov's own life-creating strategy and his contemporaries' perception of him as a «Russian Francis. The author considers the peculiarities of artistic interpretation of the whole complex of motifs associated with the fate and personality of the Italian saint in the last collection of Dobrolyubov's works, From the Book Invisible (1905). The author analyzes the image of the pilgrim, glorification (preaching) of the poor, hermit’s life and the unity of man and wildlife, plants and the elements of nature in the context of teachings of St. Francis and the Russian franciscanism of the modernist era; the features of their modernist reception are traced in Dobrolyubov’s works written after his «departure». On the other hand, the author reveals evidence that the poet implements the individual author's interpretation of the characteristic Russian cultural and historical phenomenon of pilgrimage (real, metaphysical and spiritual), which was reflected, for example, in N. S. Leskov’s works, and philosophically interpreted in science and criticism of the early 20th century (V. Rozanov, N. Berdyaev, etc.). The author suggests that the poet was influenced by an anonymous work of Russian religious literature «A Pilgrim's Confessional Stories to his Spiritual Father». As a result, the author concludes that the poet creates a modern variation of the Franciscan image of the «simple man» and the divine man, possessing the gift of communication with nature, who combines the features of an Italian ascetic preacher with the type of a Russian pilgrim-god-seeker.

Cybersex: nuove forme di dipendenza sessuale

2009 ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Valentina Cosmi ◽  
Luca Pierleoni ◽  
Chiara Simonelli ◽  
Adele Fabrizi
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Sexual Addiction ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Classification ◽  
Sexual Dysfunctions ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Individual

- Sexual and internet addiction represent a rapidly growing phenomenon in the industrialized countries. The union between these clinical diseases has contributed to create new addiction forms, as cybersex addiction and cyber-relational addiction. Despite the poor diagnostic classification on this matter, the scientific debate is high pitched and thought-provoking. The different causes of these phenomenon and their heterogeneity suggest the adoption of different intervention strategies for clinical treatment of subjects with these kind of diseases, to take into account the individual needs and peculiarity.Key words: sexual addiction, internet, cybersex, compulsion, sexual dysfunctions, diagnostic criteria.Parole chiave: dipendenza sessuale, internet, sesso virtuale, compulsione, disfunzioni sessuali, criteri diagnostici.

scholarly journals Maneuvering between the individual and the social dimensions of narratives in a poor man’s discursive negotiation of stigma

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorien Van De Mieroop
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Dominant Discourses ◽  
The Individual

In current Western consumer societies, the poor are excluded and occupy stigmatized positions. By analyzing an interview with a poor man, I look at how stigma is discursively negotiated through the interplay between individual and social dimensions of narratives. First, the interviewee resists the interviewer’s ‘poor man’-category projection by setting up alternative groups. Second, he invokes and aligns with dominant discourses regarding the necessity to own consumer goods and find a work-life balance, by which he constructs the identity of an empowered “bricoleur” (cf Gabriel et al., 2010). These findings are then related to Goffman’s theory of stigma and information control (1963) and to the inextricable link between the performed nature of narratives, their individual and social dimensions and their local and global contexts.

Molecular Differentiation Within and Between Eucalyptus risdonii, E. amygdalina and Their Hybrids Using RAPD Markers

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Sale ◽  
BM Potts ◽  
AK West ◽  
JB Reid
Keyword(s):  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Genetic Affinity ◽  
Hybrid Swarm ◽  
Leaf Phenotype ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Advanced Generation

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) studies of a natural hybrid swarm between Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. and E. risdonii Hook.f. and nearby allopatric stands revealed that, despite clear morphological differences, all bands were shared between species. However, frequency differences revealed genetic divergence between species, populations within species, and individuals within populations. Variation was greatest between individuals within populations and lowest between species. For both species, the direction of variation which distinguished the two populations was in a different direction to that which separated the two species, suggesting population differences were not due to introgression but were the result of genetic isolation and/or strong localised selection. Several morphologically typical individuals with intermediate RAPD profiles were detected in the hybrid swarm and nearby allopatric samples of both species, suggesting that some cryptic introgression may be occurring. Controlled F1 crosses generally had closer genetic affinity to E. risdonii, raising the possibility that some parents used may have been advanced generation hybrids. While natural hybrids selected for their intermediate leaf phenotype were usually also intermediate between the two species using RAPD markers, some deviated markedly toward E. risdonii. The study suggests that morphological appearance does not necessarily reflect genetic (RAPD) status and in some cases detectable RAPD differences between spatially close populations of the same species may be as great or greater than the differences between species.

scholarly journals Comparison Between Non-Invasive Methane Measurement Techniques in Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rey ◽  
Atxaerandio ◽  
Ruiz ◽  
Ugarte ◽  
González-Recio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Population Means ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ch4 Concentration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methane Measurement

The aim of this trial was to study the agreement between the non-dispersive infrared methane analyzer (NDIR) method and the hand held laser methane detector (LMD). Methane (CH4) was measured simultaneously with the two devices totaling 164 paired measurements. The repeatability of the CH4 concentration was greater with the NDIR (0.42) than for the LMD (0.23). However, for the number of peaks, repeatability of the LMD was greater (0.20 vs. 0.14, respectively). Correlation was moderately high and positive for CH4 concentration (0.73 and 0.74, respectively) and number of peaks (0.72 and 0.72, respectively), and the repeated measures correlation and the individual-level correlation were high (0.98 and 0.94, respectively). A moderate concordance correlation coefficient was observed for the CH4 concentration (0.62) and for the number of peaks (0.66). A moderate-high coefficient of individual agreement for the CH4 concentration (0.83) and the number of peaks (0.77) were observed. However, CH4 concentrations population means and all variance components differed between instruments. In conclusion, methane concentration measurements obtained by means of NDIR and LMD cannot be used interchangeably. The joint use of both methods could be considered for genetic selection purposes or for mitigation strategies only if sources of disagreement, which result in different between-subject and within-subject variabilities, are identified and corrected for.

A morphometric analysis of hybrid salamanders (genus Ambystoma) and their progenitors on Kelleys Island in Lake Erie

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 2376-2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford W. Zeyl ◽  
Leslie A. Lowcock
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Meristic Character ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Canonical Variates

Six morphometric characters and one meristic character were measured on 96 adult and 88 juvenile Ambystoma from Kelleys Island, where extensive hybridization involves three species. Canonical variates, discriminant functions, and size-constrained principal components analyses showed that A. laterale (represented only in hybrids on Kelleys Island), A. texanum, A. tigrinum, and A. laterale–texanum–tigrinum are distinguishable from each other and from a complex of hybrids involving A. texanum and A. laterale. Within the latter complex, different ploidies are not distinct morphologically. Introgression may explain isolated atypical individuals. Adults differ from juveniles in both size and shape, demonstrating allometry.

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