Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians

Mongolians dwell at the Eastern Eurasian Steppe, where is the agriculture and pasture interlaced area, practice pastoral subsistence strategies for generations, and have their own complex genetic formation history. There is evidence that the eastward expansion of Western Steppe herders transformed the lifestyle of post-Bronze Age Mongolia Plateau populations and brought gene flow into the gene pool of Eastern Eurasians. Here, we reported genome-wide data for 42 individuals from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of North China. We observed that our studied Mongolians were structured into three distinct genetic clusters possessing different genetic affinity with previous studied Inner Mongolians and Mongols and various Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestries: two subgroups harbored dominant Eastern Eurasian ancestry from Neolithic millet farmers of Yellow River Basin; another subgroup derived Eastern Eurasian ancestry primarily from Neolithic hunter-gatherers of North Asia. Besides, three-way/four-way qpAdm admixture models revealed that both north and southern Western Eurasian ancestry related to the Western Steppe herders and Iranian farmers contributed to the genetic materials into modern Mongolians. ALDER-based admixture coefficient and haplotype-based GLOBETROTTER demonstrated that the former western ancestry detected in modern Mongolian could be recently traced back to a historic period in accordance with the historical record about the westward expansion of the Mongol empire. Furthermore, the natural selection analysis of Mongolians showed that the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region underwent significantly positive selective sweeps. The functional genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactase persistence (LCT), were not identified, while the higher/lower frequencies of derived mutations were strongly correlated with the genetic affinity to East Asian/Western Eurasian populations. Our attested complex population movement and admixture in the agriculture and pasture interlaced area played an important role in the formation of modern Mongolians.

Features of engraftment and rejection of ear alatransplants in laboratory rats

A method for revealing genetic affinity between laboratory rats has been developed, which is based on the transplantation of ear skin-chondrocyte allografts onto the surface of a full-thickness skin defect. On the example of Wistar rats (laboratory rats were taken from three research institutes), it was shown that the rejection of allografts occurs in the interval between 8 and 21 days with the same genetic differences that existed between the animals. However, at the same time, only those structures of ear allografts such as the dermis, epidermis and its derivatives die and are rejected, but the layers of chondrocytes are submerged under the granulation tissue and remain in a viable position for at least 210 days. The latter phenomenon is probably due to the membranes that cover the chondrocytes and act as an immunological barrier.

Genetic Variation Among Certain Fish Species in Terms of Evolution and Lineages

Three tests of phylogenetic including likelihood-joining tree, neighbour-joining tree, and minimum evolution tree have been used based on sox3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis was used to detect the genetic affinity and common ancestors for selected species that belong to the same or different families. This study showed the most appropriate methods for testing the genetic affinity among species and the methodology of each test according to the requirement of molecular applications. Secondary RNA predicted structure and minimum free energy were also included in this study because of their contribution to the detection of the orthologous gene and variance in RNA folding among species related to the different families. The genetic distance in the studied populations was calculated to know the most appropriate way to find out the genetic similarity among the studied species. The low distance-variance value of each group indicated significant genetic affinity among the species of the same family, this result is more consistent with the test of maximum-likelihood tree indicating the validity of this test to measure the genetic affinity among species that have common ancestors.

Aromatic compounds secreted by plants of the genus Citrus L. in greenhouse conditions

Using the GC/MS method analysis of the chemical composition of aromatic volatile compounds released by the leaves of tropical representatives of the genus Citrus L. (sweet lime (limetta) - Citrus limetta Risso and its varieties: Citrus limetta ‘Marokko', Citrus limetta ‘Kislaya oranzhevaya', sour lime - Citrus aurantiifolia ‘Taiti' and Citrus aurantiifolia ‘Foro', as well as lemon - Citrus limon ‘Beskolyuchii') in greenhouse conditions were studied. The number of aromatic substances of the gas phase of natural essential oils of leaves revealed for each of them was 38, 41, 37, 44, 37 and 30 compounds, respectively. 10 components were characteristic of all six taxa under study, which confirm their genetic affinity: D-limonene, Z-citral (neral), E-citral (geranial), elemene isomer, α-copaene, trans-α-bergamotene, benzoic acid, 3-hexenyl ester, trans-γ-bisabolene, β-caryophyllene oxide, a-humulene epoxide II. For hybrids and varieties of sweet lime (limetta) and sour lime, 7 more components belonging to the class of terpenoids are also characteristic: oxygen-containing compounds (citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl, β-sinensal) and sesquiterpenes (cadina-3.5-diene, β-caryophyllene, trans-β-bergamotene), as well as a number of individual aromatic substances, characteristic for each of the varieties in the bouquet of their citrus-coniferous aroma of leaves. The studied taxa can be recommended as part of compositions of aromatic plants in interiors for various functional purposes.

Evaluation of Qualitative Traits In Modified Iranian Red Rey Onion And Comparison Genetic Resistance With Primary Mass Selection And Red Azar-Shahr cv To Fusarium Oxysporum Using Laboratory And Molecular Markers

The aim of this study is to evaluate the storage and qualitative feature of modified Red Rey Iranian Onion. Firstly, the modified population was obtained by the selection of superior bulbs, cultivation, its self-pollination and consequently the identification of the best families and implement open pollination between them. In next level, the Red Rey Iranian modified with basic population and Red Azar-shahr cultivar (comparative) was crossed. Our results showed that the selection procedure has leading to improvement in variety of traits in population. Also, the modified Red Rey is significantly superior to the base mass in qualitative traits such as: bulb stiffness, bulb dry matter, TSS, total sugar and glucose; So that the percentage of dry bulb content increased from 10.4% in the basal mass to 11.1% in the modified Red Rey; while spouring and rotting, minerals, and dry matter, vitamin C and fructose-reducing sugar was not affected by genotype. In the second step, resistances to Fusarium wilt disease (laboratory and molecular markers) were evaluated. Based on the results of phenotypic evaluation, the modified Red Rey had the lowest rate and level of infection and the highest score. According to the results of genotypic evaluation, there is a very high genetic affinity between resistant and susceptible cultivars.

Deep genetic affinity between coastal Pacific and Amazonian natives evidenced by Australasian ancestry

Different models have been proposed to elucidate the origins of the founding populations of America, along with the number of migratory waves and routes used by these first explorers. Settlements, both along the Pacific coast and on land, have been evidenced in genetic and archeological studies. However, the number of migratory waves and the origin of immigrants are still controversial topics. Here, we show the Australasian genetic signal is present in the Pacific coast region, indicating a more widespread signal distribution within South America and implicating an ancient contact between Pacific and Amazonian dwellers. We demonstrate that the Australasian population contribution was introduced in South America through the Pacific coastal route before the formation of the Amazonian branch, likely in the ancient coastal Pacific/Amazonian population. In addition, we detected a significant amount of interpopulation and intrapopulation variation in this genetic signal in South America. This study elucidates the genetic relationships of different ancestral components in the initial settlement of South America and proposes that the migratory route used by migrants who carried the Australasian ancestry led to the absence of this signal in the populations of Central and North America.

HLA Profile of Kami Population Refutes the Earlier Proposition of Exclusive Closer Genetic Affinity of All the Gorkhas to Mongoloids

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Based on the HLA profile of Indian Gorkhas, Debnath and Chaudhuri (2006) proposed that Gorkhas are genetically closer to Mongoloids, and they may have originated from Mongolians or Tibetan stocks. However, the major limitation of the earlier study was that Gorkhas comprise 2 broad groups, i.e. Tibeto-Burmans and Indo-Aryans. Besides, Gorkhas have an assemblage of many sociocultural and linguistically distinct populations such as Rai, Magar, Limbu, Tamang, Newar, Bahun, Kami, and so on. Thus, the generalization of the findings on Gorkhas by considering them as a single homogenous population may not be free from biases. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the genetic affinity of a constituent population from the Gorkha community, i.e. Kami, based on HLA polymorphism. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> First field HLA typing was performed among 158 Kami individuals by PCR-SSP methods. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The most frequent genes observed were HLA-A*11, HLA-B*15, HLA-DRB1*15. The frequency of HLA-DRB1*15 reported here is the highest recorded among the North Indian population to date, which is a noteworthy finding of the study. The hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that the Kami population lies within the cluster of the Indian subcontinental population. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The study refutes the earlier proposition of exclusive belongingness of all the Gorkhas to Mongoloids.

Spectrum of Camel Evolution and its Impact on Ancient Human Migration

The Evolutionary history and domestication of Camels are largely unexplored because of the lack of well dated early archaeological records. However, limited records suggest that domestication of Camels likely happened in the late second millennium BCE. Over the time, camels have helped human for their basic needs like meat, milk, wool, dung to long routes transportation. This multifaceted animal has helped the mankind to connect through continents and in trade majorly through the Silk route. In India, both dromedary and Bactrian camels are found and their habitat is entirely different from each other, dromedaries inhabit in hot deserts and Bactrians are found mostly in cold places (Nubra Valley, Ladakh). Fewer studies on Indian dromedaries have been conducted but no such studies are done on Bactrian camels. It is needed to study the genetics of Bactrian camels to find out their genetic affinity and evolutionary history with other Bactrians found in different parts of the world. Furthermore, parallel studies on humans and Bactrian camel are required to understand the co-evolution and migration pattern of humans during their dispersal in different time periods.