The ecology of Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia. 3. The influence of temperature and moisture on speed of development and survival rate of the Larvae.

1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 346 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Madge
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Active Feeding ◽  
Unfavourable Weather

In South Australia the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera fasciculata (Walker), is found only in the higher rainfall area in the south-eastern portion of the State. It appears that the distribution and numbers of this pest of improved pastures are mainly restricted by unfavourable weather (dry and hot) during the egg and early larval stages (late spring-early summer). These stages, as well as older larvae established in subterranean burrows, stand a better chance to survive the dryness and heat where the surface of the ground is covered with dense herbage. Unfed, first-instar larvae are much more susceptible to loss of water than are the eggs. Larvae remain virtually dormant during the summer, but from about April onwards they grow rapidly. The resumption of active feeding and growth is associated with the first substantial autumn rains. During autumn, when the rainfall may be intermittent, the larvae feed more actively during wet periods and become relatively inactive again during dry periods. The relative humidity of the air at the base of a subterranean burrow where the larvae lives was usually above 95 per cent., even when the relative humidity of the air just above the mouth of the burrow was as low as 65 per cent. No measurements were taken during the height of the summer, when the burrows may have been drier than this.

Influence of temperature and relative humidity on water loss in the workers of the meat ant, Iridomyrmex detectus (Smith) (Dolichoderinae: hymenopter).

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJC Nel
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Adequate Supply ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Cold Spring

Water loss in the workers of the dolichoderine ant Iridomyrmex detectus (Smith) was studied in South Australia. A quantitative evaluation of the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the transpiration of ants collected during winter and spring is given. Workers collected during winter and on cold spring days transpired more than ants collected on hot days. This phenomenon could be explained in terms of abrasion of the cuticle and the behaviour of the workers. The workers lost water relatively quickly and they would probably not have survived the dry summer without an adequate supply of honey dew from sap-sucking insects.

Microclimatic conditions in maternity caves of the bent-wing bat, Miniopterus schreibersii: an attempted restoration of a former maternity site.

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Baudinette ◽  
RT Wells ◽  
KJ Sanderson ◽  
B Clark
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Prime Factor ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions

A 2-year study of Bat and Robertson caves in south-eastern South Australia provided information on the microclimatic conditions in a maternity cave of the bat Miniopterus schreibersii. The study also monitored changes in the temperature and humidity conditions in what is believed to be a former maternity site, Robertson Cave, following restoration of the damaged dome. The maternity cave, Bat Cave, was characterised by mild hypoxic and hypercapnic conditions, high relative humidity, and temperatures in the roosting area of around 30°C. Accumulated guano deposits had some areas of heat generation, but the bats themselves appeared to be the primary modifiers of their own microenvironment. To support this finding, the recapping of Robertson Cave resulted in high humidities and a narrow range of temperature fluctuations; however, the temperature never reached the levels seen in Bat Cave. Our conclusion that the heat production of the bats themselves is the prime factor affecting microclimatic conditions necessary for breeding may relate to the observation that few maternity sites serve large and widespread populations of this species.

Influence of Temperature on Development of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) Progrediens

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott M. Salom ◽  
Alexei A. Sharov ◽  
Warren T. Mays ◽  
David R. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Median Point

There are three generations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, that develop on the secondary host Tsuga spp. Two of these generations, the progrediens and sexupara, are present concurrently in the spring. Sistens are present from early summer until the following spring. Constant temperature studies were conducted to quantify the influence of temperature on hemlock woolly adelgid progrediens development and to develop a degree-day model. Progrediens development in the field also was sampled to test the accuracy of the model. Hemlock woolly adelgid progrediens developed at temperatures ranging from 4 to 22°C. Duration of first-instar progrediens was less dependent on temperature than in the other nymphal stages and may have been a result of the difficulty in determining the median point of settled first-instar nymphs and the inability to distinguish progrediens from sexuparae at this stage. Duration of development from second stadium to adult was highly dependent on temperature. Using this range of progrediens stages, it was determined that the low temperature threshold was 3.9°C and requires 222 degree-days to reach the adult stage. The number of degree-days needed to complete development in the field ranged from 110 to 123% of degree-days required to complete development in the laboratory.

The ecology of Oncopera Fasciculata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) in South Australia. 2. The influence of temperature and moisture on speed of development and survival rate of the eggs.

1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Madge
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Median Lethal Dose

Eggs of the underground grass caterpillar, Oncopera fasciculata (Walker), are laid on the surface of the ground during the spring and may be exposed to desiccation. A field experiment showed that there was a higher survival rate among the eggs and early-stage larvae when eggs were placed under tall, dense herbage. The most likely explanation for this result is that the dense cover protected these stages from dryness and heat. Tall, dense cover is found where improved pastures (herbage consisting of clovers and introduced grasses) have not been heavily grazed or cut for hay. Laboratory experiments showed that the eggs are easily killed by dryness because they lose water rapidly when exposed to evaporation. The median lethal dose for eggs that had completed 15 per cent. of their development was a 43 per cent. loss of water. As the embryo develops, the eggs become more susceptible to loss of water, and water that is lost cannot be regained when free water becomes available.

Influence of temperature and relative humidity on early bond strengths to dentine

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.F. Burrow ◽  
Y. Taniguchi ◽  
T. Nikaido ◽  
M. Satoh ◽  
N. Inai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Bond Strengths

The Status of the School Shark Fishery in South-Eastern Australian Waters

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Mean

The maximum yield of the school shark fishery in south-eastern Australian waters was 4.09 million lb in 1949. The catch has fluctuated since then about a declining trend to 3.18 million lb in 1956. In 1944, 7.3 hooks were required to catch a shark of mean weight 14.7 lb. In 1956 the number of hooks required was almost doubled: 13.6 hooks were needed to catch sharks of mean weight 13.7 lb; the catch per hook dropped from 2.01 to 0.99 lb. Whereas the catch per boat-month remained relatively stable at 4765 lb for 1944 and 4643 for 1956, the number of hooks used per boat-month increased from 2366 to 4668 hooks in 12 years. Throughout this period the mean weight of sharks in eastern Bass Strait remained fairly steady (11-13 lb) whereas there was a drop of 3 lb from a mean weight of 17-20 lb in the predominantly mature portion of the stock in western Bass Strait. Fishermen in South Australia have reported a comparable drop in the mean weight of sharks in their catches. During the period 1941-46 there was unrestricted inshore fishing of juveniles and pregnant females with a consequent severe drop in the inshore population. The subsequent decline in the annual total catch is believed to be due not only to a too intensive offshore fishery but also to the resultant reduced recruitment and depressed reproductive potential caused by the earlier destruction of juveniles and pregnant females. In the data presented in this paper there is evidence that the school shark fishery, which is operating on a single stock of sharks with a slow growth rate, a late sexual maturity, and a low fecundity, shows trends which are suggestive of depletion. Because similar trends in the soupfin shark fishery of California and in the dogfish fishery of British Columbia were followed by depletion, it has been inferred that regulations to protect the vulnerable phases of the life history of the school shark of Australia may be required. Measures for conservation are discussed.

scholarly journals First Record Of Meroplius Fukuharai (Iwasa 1984) (Diptera: Sepsidae) On Romanian Territory

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Lavinia Iancu ◽  
Cristina Purcarea
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
First Record ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Species Dynamics

Abstract The present study represents the first report on the presence of Meroplius fukuharai (Diptera: Sepsidae) in Romania. The research area was located in Bucharest. Meroplius fukuharai was recorded during an experiment for investigating necrophagous insect species dynamics. Adult specimens were sampled during the summer (August 2013) from swine carcasses at the beginning of the advanced decay stage. The species had a sporadic occurrence, only four male specimens being sampled and identified both morphologically and genetically during the four-month survey. The recorded environmental parameters during the sampling period showed an air temperature of 28-33°C and a relative humidity of 53-57%. This report on the presence of M. fukuharai in Romania leads to the expansion of its known distribution range in the South Eastern part of Europe.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) isolates on fig moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) Larvae

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 943-951
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Ephestia Cautella ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Paper Method

The following dilution 5×10-1, 10-1, 10?2 , 10-3 gm/L for the indigenous isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and the commercially isalate were used for experiments against the different stages of fig moth of E.cautella which exposed by filter paper method. The results showed that mortality of larval stages was increased with the increasing concentration of the biocide, in addition to increase in the mortality of the larval stages reached to the highest percentage in the third days of treatment of the larval stage in comparison with the first and second days of exposure. The results also showed that the sensitivity of larval stages was increased in first and second instars while reduced in the last instars .The high percentage of first instar mortality for the indigenous isolate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 72.8% , while the low percentage of mortality showed in the concentration of 5×10-1 for the fifth instar larvae which was 13.3% in third days of treatment while a high percentage of mortality was showed for the first instar larvae for the commercially isulate in the concentration of 5×10-1 was 59.4% Furthermore, low percentage of mortality was shown in the concentration of 5×10-1 in fifth instar larval which was 8.3% in the third days of treatment. The results also showed that the indigenous isolated was more effective than the commercially produced bacteria for killing larval instars of fig moth E.cautella .The total percentage of larval instar mortality reached to 44.5 % after the third days of treatment in concentration 5×10-1 in the indigenous isolate , and it was 33.8 % in the commercially produced bacteria .

Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Perm-Selectivity of PET Packaging Film

2011 ◽  
Vol 295-297 ◽  
pp. 1206-1210
Author(s):  
Yan Feng Guo ◽  
Xian Ping Ma ◽  
Yu Yan ◽  
Yun Gang Fu
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
Packaging Film ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Pet Film ◽  
Pet Films ◽  
Temperature Water

The main feature of this article is the investigation on the influence of temperature, relative humidity, film thickness on permeability of PET packaging film, the analysis of perm-selectivity of the packaging films for oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas, and the evaluation on experimental formulas of water vapor, O2 and CO2 gas permeating rates on the basis of gas molecular osmotic reaction kinetics and regression analysis. The comparison between experimental studies and calculation indicates that: (1) with increment of ambient temperature water vapor, O2 and CO2 permeating rate of PET films and PET/Al film also rise, and the logarithm of water vapor, O2 and CO2 gas permeating rates has linear relation with the reciprocal of thermodynamic temperature, and (2) the influence of relative humidity on water vapor permeating rate of PET film with thickness 12µm is the least, and that of PET film with thickness 20µm and PET/Al film with thickness 18µm is a little obvious. (3) The PET films hold remarkable perm-selectivity for O2 and CO2 gas, and CO2 gas permeating rate is about two times of O2 gas, yet O2 and CO2 gas permeating rates of PET/Al film are both very low and have small difference, so the PET/Al film has better barrier performance than the PET film.

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