The diet of the allied rock-wallaby, Petrogale assimilis, in the wet-dry tropics

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Horsup ◽  
H Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Natural Isotopes ◽  
Feeding Observations

The diet of the allied rock-wallaby, Petrogale assimilis, an inhabitant of the wet-dry tropics of North Queensland, was studied over three years by microscopic faecal analysis, feeding observations, and an analysis of the ratios of the natural isotopes of 12*C and 13*C in the faeces. Forbs were the major food item, accounting for 22-65% of the identified epidermis in the faeces, and tended to be actively selected by the wallabies. Browse (20-41%) and plants with stellate trichomes (6-32%) were the next most-important dietary items, the latter being eaten in significantly higher proportions in the dry seasons of 1987 and 1988. Grass comprised only 5-16% of recognisable epidermis in the faeces, but was eaten in significantly higher proportions when fresh new growth was available. Forbs were difficult to identify at night, and most plants that rock-wallabies were recorded eating were those with stellate trichomes rather than forbs. The low incidence of grass in the diet was confirmed by the carbon-ratio analysis.

scholarly journals Incidence Of Diarrheal Infections In Ukraine: Epidemiological Peculiarities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Malysh ◽  
Oksana Chemych ◽  
Roman Rodyna ◽  
Inna Chorna ◽  
Svitlana Doan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract Background : Diarrheal infections remain relevant for many countries of the world. The processes of globalization, fundamental changes in nutrition and water consumption contributed to the fact that the significance of individual infection sources, etiological structure of diarrheal infections changed. Purpose of the study: on the background of the analytical study of the incidence of diarrheal infections in Ukraine under the current conditions, to determine the factors influencing epidemic situation. Methods: The reports of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Main Administrations of Statistics in Kharkiv, Odesa, Zaporizhia oblasts for 2011-2018 are used in the paper. Epidemiological and statistical research methods are applied. Results: The epidemic situation with diarrheal infections in Ukraine is characterized by a low incidence of typhoid fever (from 0.012 to 0.14 per 100 thousand people), shigellosis (from 1.97-6.13 per 100 thousand people), stable incidence rates without the downward trend, salmonellosis (from 17.35 till 24.1 per 100 thousand people), high incidence of diahrreal infections of specified etiology (from 115.5 to141.9 per 100 thousand people) and diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology (from 69.76 to 107.02 per 100 thousand people). The most complicated epidemic situation is observed in economically most developed regions of the country. Most diarrheal infectionsoutbreaks are connected with catering establishments 36.5 % and with children educational establishments 26.1 %. In the region with the highest shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence direct strong correlation relationships are established between the incidence and population, density, natural population movement. The oblasts with the highest diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence are at least provided with water resources and have problems with provision of high-quality drinking water. There is a need to improve the system of epidemiological surveillance over diarrheal infections by extension of the indicators of microbiological study of drinking water quality in the regions of Ukraine, where high diahrreal infections of specified etiology, rotaviral enteritis, diahrreal infections of unspecified etiology incidence is registered; by increasing frequency of food item inspections in the oblasts, where mediana shigellosis and salmonellosis incidence exceeds the average one in Ukraine. Keywords: diarrheal infections, shigellosis, salmonellosis, rotaviral enteritis.

Seasonal diet preferences of chital deer in the northern Queensland dry tropics, Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Kurt Watter ◽  
Greg Baxter ◽  
Michael Brennan ◽  
Tony Pople ◽  
Peter Murray
Keyword(s):  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Variable Environment ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Axis Axis ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
Diet Preference ◽  
Dry Seasons

Chital deer (Axis axis) were introduced to the Burdekin dry tropics of north Queensland, Australia, in the late 1800s. Here rainfall and plant growth are highly seasonal and a nutritional bottleneck for grazing animals occurs annually before the wet season. This study describes the seasonal changes in diet and diet preference of chital in this seasonally-variable environment. Rumen samples were taken from 162 deer from two sites over the wet and dry seasons of two consecutive years and sorted macroscopically for identification. Relative seasonal availability of plant groups was estimated using step point sampling of areas grazed by chital. Chital alter their diet seasonally according to availability and plant phenology. Chital utilised 42 plant genera including grasses, forbs, subshrubs, shrubs, trees and litter. Grass consumption ranged from 53% of biomass intake during the dry season to 95% during the wet season. The predominance of grass in the wet season diet exceeded relative availability, indicating a strong preference. Although grass contributed more than half of the dry season diet it was the least preferred plant group, given availability, and the least actively growing. Shrubs were the preferred plant type in the dry season, and least subject to seasonal senescence. Composition and quantity of seasonal pastures vary markedly in north Queensland, and chital alter their diet by consuming those plants most actively growing. The increased dry season intake of non-grass forage appears to be a strategy to limit the detriment resulting from the progressive deterioration in the quality of grass.

Local Feeding of Kingfishers and Mergansers

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. White
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Young Bird ◽  
Major Food ◽  
Dominant Fish

On the Margaree and Apple rivers, N.S., the belted kingfisher feeds upon those fishes most available within its feeding range. In the estuaries many species are taken, but ascending a river the number becomes less until only salmon and trout (Salvelinus), or trout alone, constitute the food. By rearing a young bird it was determined that the American merganser pursues its prey by sight under water, being able to see a distance of from 10 feet (3 m.) to 2 feet (0.6 m.) or less, depending upon the clearness of the water. The bird consumes daily on the average more than a third of its weight. In nature the broods are reared up stream where young salmon are the dominant fish and constitute the major food item, with trout next. When the supply becomes scarce they shift down stream and in the estuary take the various fishes occurring there. In contrast the young red-breasted mergansers were found feeding over areas not frequented by young salmon, and the adults were confined largely to the estuary. They fed on the species available, which sometimes consisted largely of young salmon.

Habitats of Limnaea truncatula in England and Wales during Dry Seasons

1938 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fluke ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Methods Of Control ◽  
The Ideal

1. The complacent attitude that fluke is no longer a disease of importance is attacked on the grounds that the recent low incidence of the disease is largely due to a temporary scarcity of the intermediary, Limnaea truncatnla.2. A description is given of methods of making contacts, taking samples, and recording observations in a survey of typical habitats of L. truncatula in England and Wales.3. Twenty-two such habitats are described in some detail.4. These form the basis of a brief discussion on factors contributing to the ideal habitat, knowledge of which is desirable for the elaboration of new methods of control.5. A provisional map showing the distribution of liver fluke in England and Wales is appended.

Feeding Behaviour and Food Availability of the Yellow-Bellied Glider in North Queensland.

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Quin ◽  
R Goldingay ◽  
S Churchill ◽  
D Engel
Keyword(s):  
Keystone Species ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
A Site ◽  
Feeding Observations

The diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) was examined at a site in north Queensland by extensive observation of individuals from 10 glider groups. The diet was assessed in four seasons over 12 months by collating large numbers of qualitative feeding observations and by analysis of faeces. Data were also collected on flowering and bark shedding in the forest. Sap feeding accounted for more than 80% of the feeding observations throughout the year. Nectar and pollen of eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) and banksias (Banksia spp.) accounted for much of the remainder of the diet although arthropods and honeydew were present in spring and summer. Faecal analysis was based on much smaller sample sizes but confirmed the qualitative result obtained from direct observations. It also revealed the presence of a wide variety of pollen types. Many of these could be attributed to incidental ingestion but at least six rain forest genera were moderately common in faeces, which is consistent with observations of brief and infrequent visits by gliders to these trees. Examination of eucalypt, banksia and other pollen types showed that 60-70% of pollen was devoid of cell contents, supporting earlier suggestions that gliders obtained protein from pollen digestion, but at this site also from harvesting arthropods. This study confirms the dependence of the yellow-bellied glider in north Queensland on the sap of the red stringybark (Eucalyptus resinifera) and that conservation of the yellow-bellied glider is intimately associated with the management of this tree species. The use of various species for nectar and pollen suggests that the yellow-bellied glider may be an important pollinator in these forests. Moreover, sap from the wounds created by gliders is used by a range of other animal species. These observations suggest that the yellow-bellied glider is likely to be a keystone species in the open-forest ecosystems of north Queensland and that it deserves special emphasis in management.

scholarly journals Classification of Megathyrsus maximus Accessions Grown in The Colombian Dry Tropical Forest by Nutritional Assessment during contrasting seasons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Isabel Carvajal Tapia ◽  
Johana Mazabel ◽  
Nelson Vivas-Quila
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Tropical Forest ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Animal Feeding

Abstract Background: Nutritional quality of forages is a strategy of continuous research in animal feeding to help mitigate the environmental impact generated by Tropical livestock. The aim of this study is to describe and classify the nutritional profile of the M maximus collection in Dry Tropics as a contribution to the selection of high-quality grassland for sustainable livestock production. The selection criteria were based in the potential of materials to mitigate climate change effects and to support plant breeding processes. For this, the nutritional composition of 129 CIAT accessions of Megathyrsus maximus was evaluated in representative cultivation conditions of Colombian Dry Tropical Forest by means of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) technique, Crude Protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), and in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) was determined with rainy and dry seasons as fixed effects. Results: genotype and precipitation affect the nutritional value. However, there is relative nutritional steadiness in the NDF, ADF, and IVDMD among seasons for some accessions. According to the nutritional composition index (ICN), half of the evaluated collection had nutritional potential. From this group, 15 accessions showed higher values during rainy and dry seasons. Conclusions: M. maximus has an adequate nutritional profile for animal feeding in dry tropics agroecosystems. It generates alternative materials to project and sustain eco-efficient livestock production in the tropics.

scholarly journals Assessment of Air Pollution in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pornpan Uttamang ◽  
Viney P. Aneja ◽  
Adel Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Ratio Analysis ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Criteria Pollutants ◽  
Photostationary State ◽  
Dry Seasons

Abstract. Analysis of gaseous criteria pollutants in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand, during 2010–2014 reveals that the hourly concentrations of CO, SO2 and NO2 were mostly below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQs) of Thailand. However, the hourly concentrations of O3 exceeded the Thailand NAAQs. The maximum concentrations of O3 ranged from 120–190 ppb. On average, the number of hourly O3 exceedances ranged from 1–60 hours a year depending on monitoring station locations. The exceedances occurred during the summer and winter, dry seasons. Interconversion between O3, NO and NO2 indicates crossover points between species occur when the concentration of NOx ([NOx] = [NO]+[NO2]) is ~ 60 ppb. However, when [NOx]  60 ppb. The calculated photochemical reaction rate (the reaction between NO2 with sunlight), during photostationary state ranges from 0.12 to 1.22 min−1. Linear regression analysis between the concentrations of Ox ([Ox ] = [O3]+[NO2]) and NOx provides the role of local and regional contributions to Ox . Both the local and regional Ox contributions enhance the concentration of Ox . Values of the local and regional Ox contributions during non-episode were ~ 44–54 ppb and ~ 0.13[NOx ] to 0.33[NOx ], respectively. Those values were about double during O3 episodes ([O3] > 100 ppb). Ratio analysis suggests that the major contributors of primary pollutants over BMR are mobile sources (CO/NOx = 19.8). The Air Quality Index (AQI) for BMR was predominantly between good to moderate. Unhealthy O3 categories were observed during episode conditions in the region.

Diet of Petaurus breviceps (Marsupialia: Petauridae) in a mosaic of coastal woodland and heath.

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
J.L. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Sap Flow ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Petaurus Breviceps ◽  
Feeding Observations

Diet of Petaurus breviceps in a coastal woodland and heath mosaic was assessed by timed feeding observations and qualitative faecal analysis. Feeding at banksia and eucalypt flowers was the most observed foraging behaviour. Faeces contained abundant pollen. The pattern of foraging closely followed changes in patterns of flowering in the area because P. breviceps regularly visited flowers for nectar and pollen. It fed at a faster rate per flower when foraging on eucalypts, but had a high number of inter-plant movements when foraging on banksias. Seventy-one per cent of Eucalyptus gummifera trees were incised to obtain sap. Values obtained for sap flow showed that incised trees exuded more sap than non-incised ones. Gum was abundant at Jervis Bay, and sap may be utilised when nectar is abundant.

scholarly journals Dietary shifts: do grazers become browsers in the Thicket Biome?

Koedoe ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Landman ◽  
G.I.H. Kerley
Keyword(s):  
Great Proportion ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Food Item ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Dietary Shift ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Equus Burchelli ◽  
Dietary Shifts

The diet of buffalo (Syncerus coffer) and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) was investigated in the Addo Elephant National Park to test the hypothesis that the shortage of grass associated with thicket vegetation results in grazers increasing the proportion of dicotyledonous plant species in their diet. Diet composition, estimated from faecal analysis, indicated that 19 and 21 plant species were identified in the faeces of zebra and buffalo, respectively. Buffalo proved to have a higher percentage dicotyledonous (28.1 vs. 8.5 ) and lower percentage monocotyledonous (71.9 vs. 91.5 ) species in their diet than zebra. The grass Eragrostis curvula was found to be the dominant food item for both buffalo (18 of diet) and zebra (39 of diet) during the period of study. The present study indicated that a great proportion of the buffalo diet does in fact consist of grass, thereby refuting the perception that the Addo buffalo are primarily browsers. Both buffalo and zebra are specialised grazers and unsuited to a diet of browse. The probability of dietary shift by these grazers in the grass limited thicket vegetation is therefore challenged.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Food Utilization and Seasonal Difference in Diet of Cercopithecus lowei at a Community Protected Forest in Ghana

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Godfred Bempah ◽  
Changhu Lu ◽  
Yoonjung Yi
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Seasonal Difference ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Anthropogenic Food

In recent times, the diet and foraging behaviors of wild animals are influenced by anthropogenic foods since they often share their natural habitats with humans. We investigated the composition, preferred food item, contribution of anthropogenic food at garbage dump sites, and the seasonal effects on the diet of Lowe’s monkeys (Cercopithecus lowei) in the Duasidan Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana. We found that Lowe’s monkeys fed on 13 plant species, as well as anthropogenic foods and invertebrates. The composition of plant diet changed seasonally: Lowe’s monkeys relied more on buds in the dry season while they consumed more fruits in the wet season. However, anthropogenic food was a major component of the diet for both wet (34.8%) and dry seasons (41.3%), suggesting that the monkeys consistently rely on anthropogenic food throughout the year. Nevertheless, we did not observe any conflict between monkeys and local people. The results suggest that Lowe’s monkeys heavily rely on anthropogenic food at human garbage dumps while they maintain a part of their foraging activities in the wild, indicating a need for the proper management of garbage as well as the protection of the natural habitats of Lowe’s monkeys in the Duasidan Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana.

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