Feeding Behaviour and Food Availability of the Yellow-Bellied Glider in North Queensland.

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Quin ◽  
R Goldingay ◽  
S Churchill ◽  
D Engel
Keyword(s):  
Keystone Species ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Sap Feeding ◽  
A Site ◽  
Feeding Observations

The diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) was examined at a site in north Queensland by extensive observation of individuals from 10 glider groups. The diet was assessed in four seasons over 12 months by collating large numbers of qualitative feeding observations and by analysis of faeces. Data were also collected on flowering and bark shedding in the forest. Sap feeding accounted for more than 80% of the feeding observations throughout the year. Nectar and pollen of eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) and banksias (Banksia spp.) accounted for much of the remainder of the diet although arthropods and honeydew were present in spring and summer. Faecal analysis was based on much smaller sample sizes but confirmed the qualitative result obtained from direct observations. It also revealed the presence of a wide variety of pollen types. Many of these could be attributed to incidental ingestion but at least six rain forest genera were moderately common in faeces, which is consistent with observations of brief and infrequent visits by gliders to these trees. Examination of eucalypt, banksia and other pollen types showed that 60-70% of pollen was devoid of cell contents, supporting earlier suggestions that gliders obtained protein from pollen digestion, but at this site also from harvesting arthropods. This study confirms the dependence of the yellow-bellied glider in north Queensland on the sap of the red stringybark (Eucalyptus resinifera) and that conservation of the yellow-bellied glider is intimately associated with the management of this tree species. The use of various species for nectar and pollen suggests that the yellow-bellied glider may be an important pollinator in these forests. Moreover, sap from the wounds created by gliders is used by a range of other animal species. These observations suggest that the yellow-bellied glider is likely to be a keystone species in the open-forest ecosystems of north Queensland and that it deserves special emphasis in management.

scholarly journals The diet of the brown hyaena hyaena brunnea in the Southern Kalahari

Koedoe ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.G.L. Mills ◽  
M.E.J. Mills
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Information Analysis ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Wild Fruits ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Four methods for studying the diet of the brown hyaena are discussed. A combination of direct observations (of individuals Fitted with radio collars and beta lights) and faecal analysis yielded the best information. Analysis of food items found at dens was also useful, but tracking spoor had severe limitations. The brown hyaena in the southern Kalahari is predominantly a scavenger of all kinds of vertebrate remains, supplementing its diet with insects, wild fruits, birds' eggs and the occasional small animal which it kills. It is thus well adapted to the harsh conditions of this arid region where large ungulates are thinly distributed.

scholarly journals Effects of Malaise trap spacing on species richness and composition of terrestrial arthropod bulk samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Steinke ◽  
TWA Braukmann ◽  
L Manerus ◽  
A Woodhouse ◽  
V Elbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Malaise Trap ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
A Site ◽  
Malaise Traps

AbstractThe Malaise trap has gained popularity for assessing diverse terrestrial arthropod communities because it collects large samples with modest effort. A number of factors that influence collection efficiency, placement being one of them. For instance, when designing larger biotic surveys using arrays of Malaise traps we need to know the optimal distance between individual traps that maximises observable species richness and community composition. We examined the influence of spacing between Malaise traps by metabarcoding samples from two field experiments at a site in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. For one experiment, we used two trap pairs deployed at weekly increasing distance (3m increments from 3 to 27 m). The second experiment involved a total of 10 traps set up in a row at 3m distance intervals for three consecutive weeks.Results show that community similarity of samples decreases over distance between traps. The amount of species shared between trap pairs shows drops considerably at about 15m trap-to-trap distance. This change can be observed across all major taxonomic groups and for two different habitat types (grassland and forest). Large numbers of OTUs found only once within samples cause rather large dissimilarity between distance pairs even at close proximity. This could be caused by a large number of transient species from adjacent habitat which arrive at the trap through passive transport, as well as capture of rare taxa, which end up in different traps by chance.

FIBRINOGEN BINDS TO HUMAN NEUTROPHILS AT A SITE DISTINCT FROM GPIIb/IIIa

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
E J Gustafson ◽  
H Lukasiewicz ◽  
A H Schmaier ◽  
S Niewiarowski ◽  
R W Colman
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
High Molecular Weight Kininogen ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Platelet Membrane Receptor ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Attachment Proteins ◽  
A Site

Many observations suggest a potential role for neutrophils in the modulation of hemostasis and thrombosis. Arterial thrombi are characterized by the presence of large numbers of neutrophils lining the perimeter of platelet aggregates. While investigating binding of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) to neutrophils, we found that fibrinogen (Fb) could inhibit binding of 125I-HMWK as well as displace HMWK already bound to neutrophils. We therefore initiated studies to determine whether Fb could bind to human neutrophils. Both Zn++ and Ca++ were required for maximal binding of 125I-Fb to neutrophils. Binding did not occur with Ca++ (ZmM) alone and was only 1/3 the maximal amount with Zn++ (50 μM) alone. At 4° the amount of 125I-Fb bound to neutrophils reached a plateau by 15 minutes and remained at this level over the next 30 minutes. At 23° and 37° the amount of 125I-Fb bound peaked by 4 minutes and then decreased over the next 30 minutes indicating receptor-mediated internalization. Excess Fb inhibited binding of 125I-Fb to neutrophils while prekal1ikrein, factor XII, and fibronectin did not. Binding of 125I-Fb was 99% reversible at 4° within 10 minutes with a 50-fold molar excess of Fb and 90% displaceable by excess HMWK. The apparent Kd was approximately 0.45 μM. Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) is a tetrapeptide common to Fb, fibronectin, vitronectin and other cel 1-attachment proteins. Fb has been demonstrated to bind to the glycoprotein IIb/111 a (GPIIb/IIIa) complex which is the platelet membrane receptor for RGDS. Although this RGDS-GPIIb/IIIa interaction occurs with Fb binding to platelets, it is apparently not involved with Fb binding to monocytes. To investigate if Fb binding to neutrophils involved this interaction of GPIIb/II la -RGDS we performed further studies. Binding of 125I-Fb to neutrophils was not inhibited by RGDS nor was it inhibited by a monoclonal antibody (10E5) to the platelet GPI I b/IIIa complex. In addition, the amount of 125I-Fb that hound to neutrophils from a patient with Glanzman's thrombosthenia was the same as that bound to normal neutrophils. These studies indicate that human neutrophils specifically bind Fb at a site similar to HMWK and distinct from GPIIb/IIIa.

The Diets and Dietary Preferences of Rattus-Fuscipes and Rattus-Lutreolus at Walkerville in Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Cheal
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Fleshy Fruit ◽  
Dietary Overlap ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Dietary Component ◽  
Rattus Fuscipes ◽  
A Site ◽  
Short Time

The diets of Rattus fuscipes and R. lutreolus from a site in central southern Victoria were investigated by faecal analysis. R. lutreolus was predominantly herbivorous; in heath it selected the basal stems of certain cyperaceous herbs, and in forest it ate non-sclerophyllous grasses. Fungi were an important dietary component and seed might be eaten in some quantity for a short time in spring and early summer. R. fuscipes showed little dietary overlap with R. lutreolus; in forest it was reliant on fungi and fibrous plant material from particular grasses; in heath it relied on particular cyperaceous species in winter, and ate primarily fleshy fruit, seed and arthropods in summer. Dietary preferences are compared with the relative abundance of diet items in the habitat. Both species are selective, and this selectivity changes with season. The effects of the availability of preferred diet items on the species' distributions are discussed.

Abundance and Relative Importance of Caterpillars Attacking Cabbage in Eastern Ontario

1955 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Harcourt ◽  
R. H. Backs ◽  
L. M. Cass
Keyword(s):  
Trichoplusia Ni ◽  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cabbage Looper ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Eastern Ontario

Cabbage and related crops are attacked every year throughout Ontario by caterpillars of three species, namely, the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.). The imported cabbageworm is generally regarded as the most abundant of the three species and is reported as doing damage of considerable economic importance each year. The cabbage looper does not occur in large numbers until late in the season, but in most years it is believed to be second only in importance to the imported cabbageworm. The diamondback moth is generally considered to be much less important than the other two species (Caesar, 19i8). As previously reported (Matthewman et al., 1952), these beliefs were not borne our by observations of field populations at Ottawa in 1950. Whereas populations of the cabbage looper were strikingly low, those of the diamondback moth were much higher than the literature indicated. This paper is a summary of four seasons' experiments, 1951-1954, undertaken to assess the abundance and relative importance of the three species in eastern Ontario.

Predation of Sagartiogeton Laceratus Upon Aurelia Aurita in Shallow Water

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Berryman
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Aurelia Aurita ◽  
Eastern Side ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
A Site ◽  
Shell Fragments

Sagartiogeton laceratus Carlgren. was observed in 1979 in large numbers (11–20 m) in shallow water (5 m below chart datum Sullom Voe) at Whaal Firth, Yell, Shetland, at a site named Stany Pund. It was recorded at a nearby site, Poita, at a lower density (1–2 m) in deeper water (6–8 m below CD.), and was also recorded as ‘common’ at the shallow head of the firth.Very large numbers of Aurelia aurita (L.) were observed within the sheltered, shallow arm of the firth, within the upper few metres of water.Each year since 1979 the same occurrence has been noted, and in the summer of 1980 the predation of Sagartiogeton upon Aurelia was observed and photographed on several occasions. These observations were repeated in 1982.Sagartiogeton laceratus is found attached to shell fragments in silt, the column inclined towards the current. During ingestion the tentacles shorten, and the mouth, disc, and column, distend many times their normal dimensions. (Estimated to be 400% for the column, disc.)It seems likely that the occurrence of both species in sufficiently large numbers to make predation noteworthy is due to the position and depth of Whaal Firth. It forms a north facing ‘trap’ on the eastern side of Yell sound through which ebb and flood tides move rapidly. The total length of Whaal Firth is approximately 7 km of which 4 km are relatively exposed, and 3 km sheltered.

The analysis and standardisation of light-trap catches of Heliothis armiger (Hübner) and H. punctiger Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Morton ◽  
L. D. Tuart ◽  
K. G. Wardhaugh
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Hourly Distribution ◽  
A Site ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractHourly and nightly catches of Heliothis armiger (Hb.) and H. punctiger Wllgr. at a site adjacent to 2000 ha of commercial cotton in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales, were analysed in relation to various environmental factors and showed that wind speed, temperature, night-length and (H. armiger only) moonlight exerted a significant influence on trap-catch. For H. punctiger and H. armiger respectively, these factors accounted for 80 and 60% of the deviance in hourly catches but only 70 and 40% of the variation in nightly catches. Wind speeds of more than 1·7 m/s suppressed the catch of both species but had a greater effect on H. punctiger than H. armiger. Whereas with both species, the optimum temperature for trapping was about 27°C, temperature had a greater influence on the catch of H. punctiger than of H. armiger. Bright moonlight was estimated to reduce the catch of H. armiger by 49%, but no significant effect was detected for H. punctiger. The analysis revealed a number of occasions for both species in which the hourly distribution of catch and/or the change in catch between successive nights was aberrant. With H. armiger, these inconsistencies appeared to be associated with changes in population due to adult emergence, whereas for H. punctiger the most likely cause seemed to be changes due to movement. The combined effects of wind speed, temperature, night-length and moonlight were used to adjust the nightly catches of each species according to the environmental conditions prevailing on a ‘ standard’ night. This was defined as a typical summer's night with temperatures decreasing from 28·8°C at dusk to 20·6°C at dawn and ideal catching conditions, i.e. no moon and wind speed never exceeding 1·7 m/s. As such, the adjusted catches could be taken as indices of moth abundance. These showed that H. armiger had three discrete periods of abundance, characterised by the presence of large numbers of young moths and spaced at intervals suggesting successive generations. A similar pattern was lacking in H. punctiger, which was abundant only during the first half of the season. Except during periods of emergence (H.armiger), or once when spraying occured during daylight, the aerial application of insecticides to the cotton adjecent to the light-trap resulted in marked reductions in the populations of both species.

Notes on the diet and foraging habits of the Giant Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Madani
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Content ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Foraging Patterns ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Hunting Behaviour ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Ambush Predators

Australian anurans generally display little prey specialisation. Most data available of frog diet is limited to stomach content and faecal analysis with few direct observations of prey capture. Limited information is available on the diet of adult Giant Barred Frogs Mixophyes iteratus. In this paper I report on several observations of M. iteratus feeding on a variety of prey from various taxa. These observations suggest that M. iteratus are opportunistic, ambush predators with a broad diet. Their morphology and hunting behaviour align with existing models of amphibian foraging patterns.

Continuous-interval shear wave velocity profiling by auto-source and seismic piezocone tests

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taeseo Ku ◽  
Paul W. Mayne ◽  
Ethan Cargill
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Shear Wave Velocity ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Cone Penetration ◽  
Cone Penetration Testing ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Tip Resistance ◽  
A Site ◽  
Exploratory Procedure

A new exploratory procedure for collecting continuous shear wave velocity measurements via cone penetration testing using a special autoseis source is presented whereby wavelets can be generated and recorded every 1 to 10 s. The continuous-interval seismic piezocone test (CiSCPTu) offers a fast, productive, and reliable means to expedite the collection of downhole shear wave velocity profiles, as well as additional readings on cone tip resistance, sleeve friction, and penetration porewater pressures with depth. A site in Windsor, Virginia, is utilized for illustrating the collection of data, calibration, and post-processing issues arising from large numbers of wavelets that require filtering, windowing, and selection in both time and frequency domain analyses. At the test site, the geology consists of shallow Holocene deposits of clays and sands to 8 m that are underlain by much stiffer calcareous sandy marine clay soils of Miocene age, which extend beyond the termination depths of the soundings at 30 m.

What goes in does not come out: different non-lethal dietary methods give contradictory interpretation of prey selectivity in amphibians

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Costa ◽  
Sebastiano Salvidio ◽  
Mario Posillico ◽  
Tiziana Altea ◽  
Giorgio Matteucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Selection ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Stomach Content Analysis ◽  
Selection Strategy ◽  
Prey Selectivity ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Trophic Strategy ◽  
A Site ◽  
Significant Positive Selection

To date the most commonly used non-lethal methods in amphibian dietary studies are stomach flushing and faecal analysis. In this study, we compared the outcome of these two methods in interpreting prey selectivity when the available prey community in the environment is known. Stomach flushed contents and faeces were obtained from the same 27 individuals of the spectacled salamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) from a site in Central Italy. The interpretation of the population prey selection strategy varied in relation to the method used. Stomach content analysis suggested that salamanders were highly specialized on springtails, while faecal contents indicated a generalist trophic strategy. Prey selectivity indexes were also highly divergent: the analysis of stomach contents indicated a significant positive selection upon springtails, while exactly the opposite conclusion was obtained when faecal contents were analyzed. The results confirm that in amphibians, stomach analysis provides more reliable dietary data in comparison to faecal analysis. This is related to the fact that soft-bodied prey items tend to be more fully digested, disappearing in faeces while highly chitinized and less digestible prey taxa tend to increase their relative abundances in faeces.

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