Population Fluctuations and Reproduction of Rabbits in a Pastoral Area on the Coast North of Carnarvon, W. A.

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR King ◽  
SH Wheeler ◽  
GL Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Pastoral Area ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Summer Rain

The population fluctuations and reproductive biology of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), were studied in a coastal pastoral area in the north-west of Western Australia between 1974 and 1981. Numbers were highest in late 1975-early 1976 and declined during a period of below-average rainfall in 1976-79, but were still found in all landforms. The breeding season was more regular than that of rabbits in other pastoral areas, and appeared to be a response to winter rains which were relatively predictable in timing, if not amount. Successful summer breeding also followed heavy summer rain. There appears to be no opportunity for cost-effective control of rabbits in the area by techniques currently available, as even when numbers are low the rabbits are widespread.

scholarly journals Myxomatosis: the occurrence of antibody to a soluble antigen of myxoma virus in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), in Victoria, Australia

1978 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Edmonds ◽  
Rosamond C. H. Shepherd ◽  
I. F. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Myxoma Virus ◽  
European Rabbit ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Semi Arid

SummaryThe occurrence of antibody to myxoma virus in wild rabbits following epizootics is highest in the semi-arid north-west of Victoria and lowest in temperate southern Victoria. Occurrence ranges up to about 90% in the north-west and to about 70% in the south except on the Western Plains where epizootics are rare and antibody occurrence seldom exceeds 30%.The establishment of the European rabbit flea may be changing the pattern of occurrence of antibody in the north-west by causing spring outbreaks of myxomatosis. It is suggested that the effects of the replacement of a simple recurring system of epizootic and breeding season several months apart by the occurrence of myxomatosis twice in the same year, once coincident with the breeding season, will be complex. The occurrence of detectable antibody may be less dependent on the infection rate and may be dependent to some extent on the relative timing of spring myxomatosis and the breeding season.

scholarly journals Investigating post-breeding moult locations and diets of Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) in the North Sea using stable isotope analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec P. Christie
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Uria Aalge ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Stable Isotope Analyses ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Isotope Analyses

AbstractSeabird movements and diet during the non-breeding season are poorly studied, yet understanding these aspects of seabird ecology is extremely important to effectively conserve these protected species. Stable isotope analyses (SIA) provide a cost-effective solution to filling these knowledge gaps, yielding information on diet and foraging locations of animals. This study aimed to use SIA to investigate whether Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) from different age classes and locations in the UK had contrasting diets and foraging areas during the post-breeding moult (July-September). SIA of secondary feathers and a newly-developed North Sea isoscape were used to identify the likeliest foraging areas and diets of deceased guillemots recovered from beaches in eastern Scotland and mixed fisheries in Cornwall and the Celtic Sea. Overall, guillemots foraged widely in the western, eastern and southern North Sea, consuming a variety of clupeid, gadoid and invertebrate prey. There were negligible dietary differences between age classes and birds from different recovery locations. Juveniles showed a wider range in foraging areas, but both age classes foraged in similar parts of the North Sea. Guillemots recovered from Scotland may have foraged further north, only overlapping with guillemots recovered from the southwestern UK in the southern and eastern North Sea. Their winter recovery locations also implied that they exhibited different movement strategies during the non-breeding season, meriting further investigation. Conservation efforts should target foraging areas in the southern and eastern North Sea which are highly threatened by gillnet fishing, shipping traffic and oil infrastructure.

Virus isolations Mosquito collections obtained during most field trips to the north-west of Western Australia have been processed for virus isolation. Until 1985, virus isolation was undertaken by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice, but this was then replaced by cell culture using C6/36 mosquito, PSEK, BHK and Vero cells. The use of cell culture has significantly reduced the overall virus isolation rate by largely excluding arboviruses, rhabdoviruses and most bunyaviruses, but is as effective as suckling mice for the isolation of flaviviruses and alphaviruses. MVE virus has been isolated every year that significant numbers of adult mosquitoes have been processed except 1983 (Broom et al. 1989; Broom et al. 1992; Mackenzie et al. 1994c). Isolations of MVE, Kunjin and other flaviviruses are shown in Table 8.2. There was a strong correlation between the number of virus isolates in any given year and the prevailing environmental conditions. Thus those years with a heavy, above average wet season rainfall and subsequent widespread flooding yielded large numbers of virus isolates (1981, 1991, 1993) compared with years with average or below average rainfall and with only localized flooding. Although most MVE virus isolates were obtained from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes, occasional isolates were also obtained from a variety of other species, including Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex palpalis, Aedes normanensis, Aedes pseudonormanensis, Aedes eidvoldensis, Aedes tremulus, Anopheles annulipes, Anopheles bancroftii, Anopheles amictus and Mansonia uniformis (cited in Mackenzie et al. 1994b; Mackenzie and Broom 1995), although the role of these species in natural transmission cycles has still to be determined. Virus carriage rates in Culex annulirostris mosquitoes are shown in Table 8.3 for the Ord River area (Kununurra–Wyndham) and Balgo and Billiluna in south-east Kimberley. Very high mosquito infection rates were observed in those years with above average rainfall. Virus spread and persistence Stanley (1979) suggested that viraemic waterbirds, which are often nomadic, may generate epidemic activity of MVE in south-east Australia and in the Pilbara region. In an attempt to understand the genesis of epidemic activity better, our laboratory initiated a long-term study in the arid south-east Kimberley area at Billiluna and Balgo, two Aboriginal communities on the northern edge of the Great Sandy Desert. Occasional cases of Australian encephalitis had occurred in both communities (1978, 1981). The studies have clearly shown that MVE virus activity only occurs following very heavy, widespread rainfall both locally and in the catchment area of the nearby watercourse, Sturt Creek, which results in extensive flooding across its floodplain (Broom et al. 1992). Localized flooding is insufficient to generate virus activity. Two possible explanations can be proposed to account for the reappearance of MVE virus activity when environmental conditions are suitable: either virus can be reintroduced into the area by viraemic waterbirds arriving from enzootic areas further north; or virus may

1998 ◽  
pp. 133-135
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
North West ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
The North ◽  
Virus Activity ◽  
Culex Annulirostris ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Virus Isolates

DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SUPPLY BASE AND OFFSHORE SUPPLY CHAIN, NORTH WEST SHELF, AUSTRALIA

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
E.D. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Services ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Integrated Service

Since the commencement of the major developments on the North West Shelf, the offshore resource industry, during both its construction and operational phases, has faced considerable logistical impediments to cost-effective solutions for the offshore supply chain. These impediments have included distance, scant resources, lack of infrastructure both on and offshore and lack of critical mass.Throughout the world, offshore projects have greatly benefitted from the availability of integrated services to cater for the transport of equipment from the point of manufacture or distribution to the offshore location.Within the Australian context the privately controlled Esso Barry Beach and Dampier Woodside facilities are examples of integrated services, but both differ considerably from a public multi-user facility. The model used in the Timor Sea of one vessel or vessels for the use of several operators is another example.The NorthWest Shelf has now reached the critical mass and it became apparent several years ago that the area needed an integrated supply base available to multiple operators. It would need to include a heavy loadout wharf, laydown areas, slipway and engineering facilities and office space to service forthcoming projects, as well as planning and cooperation amongst all players to maximise efficiency and use of scant resources as drivers for economic benefits to offshore operators in the region.Furthermore the fallout from the events of 11 September 2001 and continuing threats of terrorism has meant the security of marine assets has become an important part of each operator’s everyday life. The introduction of new legislation relating to this security issue is planned for mid 2004.In 2000 and 2001 Mermaid Marine Australia Limited undertook a major expansion of its Dampier supply base, and established a world-class facility to meet the growing demands of the region.This complex has for the first time provided the northwest of Australia, particularly the North West Shelf, Carnarvon Basin and the onshore developments on the Burrup Peninsula, with a facility for offloading and loadout of heavy shipments and fabrication and slipway facilities, coupled with the advantages of a large supply base. This facility can also be expanded to meet growth and the emerging requirements related to security.This paper describes the drivers for change commencing with the earliest supply chains and following through to the integrated service now availabe. These drivers meet the requirements of the offshore operators in the region as well as showing the benefits anticipated from this integrated service. The paper also outlines in detail the requirements of the International Maritime Organisation for worldwide changes to port and offshore security.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Situation on Tick-Borne Borreliosis in the Russian Federation in 2019 Compared to the Period of 2002–2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
S. A. Rudakova ◽  
N. A. Pen’evskaya ◽  
A. I. Blokh ◽  
D. A. Savel’ev ◽  
O. E. Teslova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
North West ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

Objective: to analyze the epidemiological situation on Ixodidae tick-borne borreliosis in the Russian Federation in 2019 in comparison with the period of 2002–2018.Materials and methods. The paper uses the data contained in Form No. 2 of the state statistical reporting for 2002–2019 and information obtained by the Reference Center for Monitoring Borreliosis of the Omsk Research Institute of Natural Focal Infections from 74 constituent entities of Russia in 2019. The main research method is epidemiological one with the use of modern information technologies.Results and discussion. In Russia, 8048 cases of tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease – LD) were recorded (5.48 0/0000) in 2019. The actual indicators of the LD incidence for the whole country and federal districts (FD) in 2019 were within the confidence limits predicted with linear regression based on the study of the dynamics of the epidemic process in 2002–2018 in the vast majority of cases. A steady upward trend in the LD incidence was observed during 2002–2019 in the Central Federal District due to 10 out of 18 entities (Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Moscow, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Ryazan, Tambov, Tula regions); in the Southern Federal District because of the Krasnodar Territory and the Volgograd Region; in the North Caucasus Federal District – because of the Stavropol Territory. Despite the fact that a downward trend in the incidence of LD has been established over the past 18 years in the North-West, Volga and Ural Federal Districts, in some subjects of these regions a trend towards an aggravation of the epidemiological situation is observed (the Komi Republic and Chuvashia, Penza Region). In the absence of a pronounced tendency to change in the incidence rate of LD in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, Kemerovo Region-Kuzbass, the Republic of Tuva and the Trans-Baikal Territory where a growing trend has been identified require special attention. In the Ural and Siberian Federal Districts, the share of non-erythema forms among laboratory-confirmed cases of LD was higher than in other regions, which merits further study of the genome-specific features of borrelia populations and their carriers. Effective control of the LD epidemiological situation in Russia is possible provided that the control is improved and maintained, and the capacity of preventive measures and zoological-entomological monitoring of the activity and structure of the natural foci of LD is enhanced in the entities with the long-term tendency towards increase in the incidence of the disease. 

Fluorescence application to hydrocarbon monitoring in North West Shelf marine waters

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Felicity Harrison ◽  
Riley McAuliffe ◽  
Jose Romero ◽  
Keith Stubbs ◽  
Carolyn Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Fluorescent Properties ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
North West ◽  
Hydrocarbon Detection ◽  
Background Fluorescence ◽  
The North ◽  
Effective Manner

The application of fluorometry to hydrocarbon detection in marine waters is a standard procedure in many parts of the world. This technology is advantageous because spatial and temporal variations in hydrocarbon distributions can be acquired readily and rapidly in a cost-effective manner compared to traditional sampling methods. Its application to North West Shelf marine waters has been examined through two recent research studies. In the first study, the fluorescent properties of North West Shelf hydrocarbons were compared to those from North America. In general, peak fluorescence of North West Shelf samples are lower than North American and European hydrocarbons. Hence, fluorometer specifications (e.g. excitation and emission wavelengths) need to be tailored for hydrocarbon detection within North West Shelf waters. The second study measured low background fluorescence of a representative region of the North West Shelf using the fluorometer specifications recommended in the first study. This indicates that background fluorescence is unlikely to affect hydrocarbon detection in the marine waters of the North West Shelf. These studies support the use of fluorometry as a technique to reliably detect and to monitor unplanned (e.g. spills) and planned (e.g. producted formation water) hydrocarbon discharges across the North West Shelf.

Application of formation pressure while drilling in Australia: North West Shelf examples

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Dmitry Molohkov ◽  
Andy Pietsch ◽  
Jack Harfoushian ◽  
Shahid Azizul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Formation Pressure ◽  
Well Control ◽  
North West ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The North ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
Formation Pore Pressure

Since its introduction in the 1950s, the point-by-point wireline formation pressure measurement technique has been successfully used for formation evaluation and reservoir management, and has been an essential input into reservoir models. In exploration and appraisal wells, where depletion has not yet affected the reservoir, vertical pressure profiling can be used for fluid gradient determination that may be interpreted in terms of fluid densities and contacts. In a dynamic producing environment pressure measurements can help to identify vertical and horizontal boundaries and communication. Measurement of pressure distribution along the borehole was historically done with wireline instruments or, in difficult logging conditions, with wireline instruments conveyed by drill pipe. In some environments, especially in highly deviated and S-shaped wells or unconsolidated formations, drill pipe conveyance of wireline formation pressure testers introduces significant operational risk. Formation Pressure While Drilling (FPWD), introduced in 2003, offers a new cost-effective solution for gathering formation pressure data. FPWD is a new method to directly measure formation pore pressure as the well is being drilled, extending its application beyond traditional fluid typing, contacts and compartmentalisation determination to well control and drilling optimisation. The market for FPWD is developing rapidly with all major service companies providing their own implementations of the technology. The next step in the evolution of FPWD technology—sampling while drilling—is not commercially available yet, but this is just a matter of time. The case history presented in this extended abstract is an example of the application and lessons learned from the FPWD service used in one of the oil fields on the North West Shelf, Australia.

ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF USING EXPLORATION 3D SEISMIC ON THE NORTH WEST SHELF

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
O.A. Larsen ◽  
J. Winterhalder ◽  
J.S. Boardman ◽  
J.N.G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
North West ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The North

The development of high capacity seismic 3D vessels has been so rapid that the oil industry has yet to optimise its investment in seismic data. However, the oil companies are becoming increasingly aware of the financial benefits of multi-client surveys which maximise vessel efficiency and provide a comprehensive evaluation of large areas.Many oil companies continue to design exploration seismic programs based on 2D seismic and acquire 3D seismic surveys after drilling the exploration/discovery well and generally after at least one appraisal well. Such single client surveys are limited by expected field outlines, which results in high unit costs for the seismic and missed opportunities beyond these outlines.The immediate benefits identified from obtaining early 3D data include: a higher success rate, optimisation of well locations, more rapid and cost effective appraisal, earlier screening studies, and an advanced development program. The combination of these factors can accelerate production by up to 18 months.For the scenarios evaluated in this paper, the use of 3D seismic early in the exploration period translates into an increase in Net Present Value of A$18-33 million and Expected Monetary Value of A$50-58 million for a 50 MMBBL oil field.

scholarly journals P142 Restriction of use of high cost drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by CCGs in England

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Walker ◽  
Sandra Robinson ◽  
Jane Barry ◽  
Phillip Punter ◽  
Sinead Kearns
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Secondary Failure ◽  
Effective Drugs

Abstract Background/Aims  It became apparent at a session at the 2019 BSR Annual Conferene that some CCGs were restricting the number of high cost drugs (HCDs) that were permitted to be prescribed for an individual with rheumatoid arthritis. Further HCDs could only then be prescribed by utilising an Individual Funding Request. We were interested to explore how common this was and what the restrictions were in different areas. Methods  The websites of all CCGs in England were scrutinised between March and July 2020 for local guidelines for the use of HCDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results were tabulated and mapped. Results  Of 134 CCGs in England, 69 (51%) had no expressed restriction on numbers of HCDs provided that NICE thresholds were observed. 10 (7%) had a pathway limiting the drugs to 6, 49 (33%) restricted to 4 and a further 9 (7%) restricted to 3. Dates of guidance implementation varied from 07/2017 to 07/2020 with the vast majority being 2018 and 2019. Geographically, the restrictions were not uniform. The CCGs restricting to 3 HCDs were all in London except for one, Oxford. Those restricting to 4 were mainly from the South East, North West and East. Those restricting to 6 HCDs were in the Liverpool area. Largely unrestricted areas were the North East, the South West, the Midlands and the majority of Yorkshire. The majority of CCGs gave no explanation for the restriction of HCDs. Where stated, the reason given was that it had not been shown to be cost effective. Conclusion  Restricting the number of HCDs may deprive some patients of effective drugs that have been NICE approved contrary to NICE guidance. There are currently 5 different modes of action (MOA) of HCDs (TNFi, B cell depletion, IL6i, CTLA4 and JAKi) for the treatment of moderately or severely active RA, therefore in some areas not even all MOAs may have been tried. There is no reliable way of predicting a patient's response to an individual drug, so it is necessary to trial and observe. Non-responders will require more treatment changes. Many patients have secondary failure of drugs after initial good response, so trying other drugs with the same MOA is a logical progression. Over a long disease course, patients will need many different interventions and access to the widest possible range is important. Whilst there are lower response rates for HCDs in biologic inadequate response phase III studies, responders can be observed after only 3 months of treatment. Restricting the number of drug choices is also likely to affect clinical practice, as less effective drugs could be continued unnecessarily for fear of running out of choices. Disclosure  D. Walker: Honoraria; Gilead Sciences Ltd, Ely Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Grants/research support; Gilead Sciences Ltd. S. Robinson: None. J. Barry: Corporate appointments; Gilead Sciences Ltd. P. Punter: Corporate appointments; Gilead Sciences Ltd. S. Kearns: Corporate appointments; Gilead Sciences Ltd.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document