DRIVERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED SUPPLY BASE AND OFFSHORE SUPPLY CHAIN, NORTH WEST SHELF, AUSTRALIA

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
E.D. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Services ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
User Facility ◽  
Integrated Service

Since the commencement of the major developments on the North West Shelf, the offshore resource industry, during both its construction and operational phases, has faced considerable logistical impediments to cost-effective solutions for the offshore supply chain. These impediments have included distance, scant resources, lack of infrastructure both on and offshore and lack of critical mass.Throughout the world, offshore projects have greatly benefitted from the availability of integrated services to cater for the transport of equipment from the point of manufacture or distribution to the offshore location.Within the Australian context the privately controlled Esso Barry Beach and Dampier Woodside facilities are examples of integrated services, but both differ considerably from a public multi-user facility. The model used in the Timor Sea of one vessel or vessels for the use of several operators is another example.The NorthWest Shelf has now reached the critical mass and it became apparent several years ago that the area needed an integrated supply base available to multiple operators. It would need to include a heavy loadout wharf, laydown areas, slipway and engineering facilities and office space to service forthcoming projects, as well as planning and cooperation amongst all players to maximise efficiency and use of scant resources as drivers for economic benefits to offshore operators in the region.Furthermore the fallout from the events of 11 September 2001 and continuing threats of terrorism has meant the security of marine assets has become an important part of each operator’s everyday life. The introduction of new legislation relating to this security issue is planned for mid 2004.In 2000 and 2001 Mermaid Marine Australia Limited undertook a major expansion of its Dampier supply base, and established a world-class facility to meet the growing demands of the region.This complex has for the first time provided the northwest of Australia, particularly the North West Shelf, Carnarvon Basin and the onshore developments on the Burrup Peninsula, with a facility for offloading and loadout of heavy shipments and fabrication and slipway facilities, coupled with the advantages of a large supply base. This facility can also be expanded to meet growth and the emerging requirements related to security.This paper describes the drivers for change commencing with the earliest supply chains and following through to the integrated service now availabe. These drivers meet the requirements of the offshore operators in the region as well as showing the benefits anticipated from this integrated service. The paper also outlines in detail the requirements of the International Maritime Organisation for worldwide changes to port and offshore security.

Population Fluctuations and Reproduction of Rabbits in a Pastoral Area on the Coast North of Carnarvon, W. A.

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR King ◽  
SH Wheeler ◽  
GL Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Oryctolagus Cuniculus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Population Fluctuations ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Pastoral Area ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Summer Rain

The population fluctuations and reproductive biology of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), were studied in a coastal pastoral area in the north-west of Western Australia between 1974 and 1981. Numbers were highest in late 1975-early 1976 and declined during a period of below-average rainfall in 1976-79, but were still found in all landforms. The breeding season was more regular than that of rabbits in other pastoral areas, and appeared to be a response to winter rains which were relatively predictable in timing, if not amount. Successful summer breeding also followed heavy summer rain. There appears to be no opportunity for cost-effective control of rabbits in the area by techniques currently available, as even when numbers are low the rabbits are widespread.

scholarly journals Energy Market Integration in Northeast Region of India: Efficiencies, Vulnerabilities and Strategic Implications for Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96
Author(s):  
Venkatachalam Anbumozhi ◽  
Ichiro Kutani ◽  
Bhupendra Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range

Energy is a common thread that connects multiple economic domains of countries and sub-regions in Asia. In the drive to trigger and consolidate energy market integration, the North Eastern Region (NER) of India offers great potential as electricity trading hub. This article analyses multiple potentials of energy markers of NER with neighbouring countries through cross-border trade. Supply and demand analysis under different connectivity scenarios shows that not only the eight states of NER of India may be able to fully utilise the economic benefits of energy market integration, but also the neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar should keep their carbon emissions in check by importing reliable cost effective energy sources. However, lack of infrastructure for the transfer of power to a common transmission system increases the vulnerability of energy market integration. Given the region’s diverse hydro-geography and wide range of clean energy portfolios, energy market integration perspective offers a way forward for strategic energy security planning and climate mitigation strategy for NER and neighbouring Asian countries.

Fluorescence application to hydrocarbon monitoring in North West Shelf marine waters

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 345
Author(s):  
Felicity Harrison ◽  
Riley McAuliffe ◽  
Jose Romero ◽  
Keith Stubbs ◽  
Carolyn Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Fluorescent Properties ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
North West ◽  
Hydrocarbon Detection ◽  
Background Fluorescence ◽  
The North ◽  
Effective Manner

The application of fluorometry to hydrocarbon detection in marine waters is a standard procedure in many parts of the world. This technology is advantageous because spatial and temporal variations in hydrocarbon distributions can be acquired readily and rapidly in a cost-effective manner compared to traditional sampling methods. Its application to North West Shelf marine waters has been examined through two recent research studies. In the first study, the fluorescent properties of North West Shelf hydrocarbons were compared to those from North America. In general, peak fluorescence of North West Shelf samples are lower than North American and European hydrocarbons. Hence, fluorometer specifications (e.g. excitation and emission wavelengths) need to be tailored for hydrocarbon detection within North West Shelf waters. The second study measured low background fluorescence of a representative region of the North West Shelf using the fluorometer specifications recommended in the first study. This indicates that background fluorescence is unlikely to affect hydrocarbon detection in the marine waters of the North West Shelf. These studies support the use of fluorometry as a technique to reliably detect and to monitor unplanned (e.g. spills) and planned (e.g. producted formation water) hydrocarbon discharges across the North West Shelf.

Application of formation pressure while drilling in Australia: North West Shelf examples

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Dmitry Molohkov ◽  
Andy Pietsch ◽  
Jack Harfoushian ◽  
Shahid Azizul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Formation Pressure ◽  
Well Control ◽  
North West ◽  
Service Companies ◽  
The North ◽  
Essential Input ◽  
Formation Pore Pressure

Since its introduction in the 1950s, the point-by-point wireline formation pressure measurement technique has been successfully used for formation evaluation and reservoir management, and has been an essential input into reservoir models. In exploration and appraisal wells, where depletion has not yet affected the reservoir, vertical pressure profiling can be used for fluid gradient determination that may be interpreted in terms of fluid densities and contacts. In a dynamic producing environment pressure measurements can help to identify vertical and horizontal boundaries and communication. Measurement of pressure distribution along the borehole was historically done with wireline instruments or, in difficult logging conditions, with wireline instruments conveyed by drill pipe. In some environments, especially in highly deviated and S-shaped wells or unconsolidated formations, drill pipe conveyance of wireline formation pressure testers introduces significant operational risk. Formation Pressure While Drilling (FPWD), introduced in 2003, offers a new cost-effective solution for gathering formation pressure data. FPWD is a new method to directly measure formation pore pressure as the well is being drilled, extending its application beyond traditional fluid typing, contacts and compartmentalisation determination to well control and drilling optimisation. The market for FPWD is developing rapidly with all major service companies providing their own implementations of the technology. The next step in the evolution of FPWD technology—sampling while drilling—is not commercially available yet, but this is just a matter of time. The case history presented in this extended abstract is an example of the application and lessons learned from the FPWD service used in one of the oil fields on the North West Shelf, Australia.

A case study for cost-effective design of relocatable deep dewpoint control gas plant

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Brian Jung ◽  
Niel Kritzinger ◽  
Steven van Wagensveld ◽  
John Mak
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Field Development ◽  
The North ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Recent Project

Australia has significant smaller-capacity gas fields, in relatively remote areas. An economically viable design for the Australian market is a small to mid-size gas plant to produce pipeline-quality gas and recover attractive amounts of liquid products (NGLs) for export by truck. Such a plant has minimal equipment, is highly modularised to be cost-effective for remote locations with high labour costs, can be relocated, and can be implemented in a substantially shorter time frame than conventional projects. For the North and South American markets, we have developed a deep dewpointing process that combines high NGL recovery with simplicity of design, yet is flexible enough to accommodate a range of compositions and flow rates. This design is well suited for standardisation of small to medium-size gas plants where feed gas compositions may vary and capacity increases are not well known. A short implementation schedule provides first-to-market economic benefits. We have developed 3rd Generation ModularisationSM that is proven to significantly reduce a plant’s footprint compared with more traditional modularisation practices. This new approach makes it possible to design a gas processing facility as transportable modules that can be built in the most cost-effective location, are low cost to install and may be relocated in the future. This has been demonstrated in a recent project completed in 2015 for Shell in Canada. This paper presents the solution for the Australian market that combines the benefits of high gas liquids recovery with low investment, delivered in compact relocatable modules that enable very flexible field development strategies.

ECONOMIC ADVANTAGES OF USING EXPLORATION 3D SEISMIC ON THE NORTH WEST SHELF

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
O.A. Larsen ◽  
J. Winterhalder ◽  
J.S. Boardman ◽  
J.N.G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
North West ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The North

The development of high capacity seismic 3D vessels has been so rapid that the oil industry has yet to optimise its investment in seismic data. However, the oil companies are becoming increasingly aware of the financial benefits of multi-client surveys which maximise vessel efficiency and provide a comprehensive evaluation of large areas.Many oil companies continue to design exploration seismic programs based on 2D seismic and acquire 3D seismic surveys after drilling the exploration/discovery well and generally after at least one appraisal well. Such single client surveys are limited by expected field outlines, which results in high unit costs for the seismic and missed opportunities beyond these outlines.The immediate benefits identified from obtaining early 3D data include: a higher success rate, optimisation of well locations, more rapid and cost effective appraisal, earlier screening studies, and an advanced development program. The combination of these factors can accelerate production by up to 18 months.For the scenarios evaluated in this paper, the use of 3D seismic early in the exploration period translates into an increase in Net Present Value of A$18-33 million and Expected Monetary Value of A$50-58 million for a 50 MMBBL oil field.

scholarly journals Influence of foreign alliances on the performance of small-scale agricultural businesses in South Africa: A new institutional economics perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patient Rambe ◽  
Livingstone A.K. Agbotame
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Institutional Economics ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
New Institutional Economics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Cape ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Better Than

Background: Globalisation has accentuated the need for small-scale agricultural businesses (SSABs) to network horizontally and vertically into world markets. However, the capacity of SSABs to cement foreign alliances to capitalise on business opportunities that the expansion of global markets presents, while simultaneously mitigating against the negative forces of globalisation remains a grey area.Aim: The study sought to contribute to internationalisation literature by examining: (1) the extent to which SSABs’ owner and/or managers in selected South African provinces establish foreign alliances, (2) whether there are any statistically significant differences in SSABs’ performance based on their extent of establishment of foreign alliances.Setting: The setting for this study was Vryburg-Pokwani in the North West and Northern Cape provinces of South Africa, respectively.Method: A survey was conducted on 151 SSAB owner and/or managers in the aforementioned study area.Results: The results revealed that although a majority (51.7%) had some (i.e. few) foreign alliances, 48.3% of SSABs had no foreign alliances at all. The results also demonstrated that the establishment of foreign alliances was positively and statistically significantly related to the performance of SSABs in the Vryburg-Pokwani area. Post-hoc comparisons (Bonferroni) results showed that while SSABs with 1–2 foreign alliances perform better than those with no foreign alliances at all, those SSABs with 6–10 foreign alliances perform better than those with none, 1–2 and 3–5 foreign linkages respectively.Conclusion: Since SSABs with foreign alliances tended to outperform those that were dependent on domestic links, the extent to which the economic benefits derived from internationalisation are reinvested into the businesses for the continued sustenance of businesses needs more rigorous investigation.

scholarly journals P142 Restriction of use of high cost drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by CCGs in England

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Walker ◽  
Sandra Robinson ◽  
Jane Barry ◽  
Phillip Punter ◽  
Sinead Kearns
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
The South ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Secondary Failure ◽  
Effective Drugs

Abstract Background/Aims  It became apparent at a session at the 2019 BSR Annual Conferene that some CCGs were restricting the number of high cost drugs (HCDs) that were permitted to be prescribed for an individual with rheumatoid arthritis. Further HCDs could only then be prescribed by utilising an Individual Funding Request. We were interested to explore how common this was and what the restrictions were in different areas. Methods  The websites of all CCGs in England were scrutinised between March and July 2020 for local guidelines for the use of HCDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The results were tabulated and mapped. Results  Of 134 CCGs in England, 69 (51%) had no expressed restriction on numbers of HCDs provided that NICE thresholds were observed. 10 (7%) had a pathway limiting the drugs to 6, 49 (33%) restricted to 4 and a further 9 (7%) restricted to 3. Dates of guidance implementation varied from 07/2017 to 07/2020 with the vast majority being 2018 and 2019. Geographically, the restrictions were not uniform. The CCGs restricting to 3 HCDs were all in London except for one, Oxford. Those restricting to 4 were mainly from the South East, North West and East. Those restricting to 6 HCDs were in the Liverpool area. Largely unrestricted areas were the North East, the South West, the Midlands and the majority of Yorkshire. The majority of CCGs gave no explanation for the restriction of HCDs. Where stated, the reason given was that it had not been shown to be cost effective. Conclusion  Restricting the number of HCDs may deprive some patients of effective drugs that have been NICE approved contrary to NICE guidance. There are currently 5 different modes of action (MOA) of HCDs (TNFi, B cell depletion, IL6i, CTLA4 and JAKi) for the treatment of moderately or severely active RA, therefore in some areas not even all MOAs may have been tried. There is no reliable way of predicting a patient's response to an individual drug, so it is necessary to trial and observe. Non-responders will require more treatment changes. Many patients have secondary failure of drugs after initial good response, so trying other drugs with the same MOA is a logical progression. Over a long disease course, patients will need many different interventions and access to the widest possible range is important. Whilst there are lower response rates for HCDs in biologic inadequate response phase III studies, responders can be observed after only 3 months of treatment. Restricting the number of drug choices is also likely to affect clinical practice, as less effective drugs could be continued unnecessarily for fear of running out of choices. Disclosure  D. Walker: Honoraria; Gilead Sciences Ltd, Ely Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. Grants/research support; Gilead Sciences Ltd. S. Robinson: None. J. Barry: Corporate appointments; Gilead Sciences Ltd. P. Punter: Corporate appointments; Gilead Sciences Ltd. S. Kearns: Corporate appointments; Gilead Sciences Ltd.

SEM and TEM observations of sperm development in the testis of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Daryl A. Cornish ◽  
George L. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Sem And Tem ◽  
Sperm Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics ◽  
The University

Oreochromis mossambicus is currently receiving much attention as a candidater species for aquaculture programs within Southern Africa. This has stimulated interest in its breeding cycle as well as the morphological characteristics of the gonads. Limited information is available on SEM and TEM observations of the male gonads. It is known that the testis of O. mossambicus is a paired, intra-abdominal structure of the lobular type, although further details of its characteristics are not known. Current investigations have shown that spermatids reach full maturity some two months after the female becomes gravid. Throughout the year, the testes contain spermatids at various stages of development although spermiogenesis appears to be maximal during November when spawning occurs. This paper describes the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of the testes and spermatids.Specimens of this fish were collected at Syferkuil Dam, 8 km north- west of the University of the North over a twelve month period, sacrificed and the testes excised.

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