Modified M-44 cyanide ejector for the baiting of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Busana ◽  
F. Gigliotti ◽  
C. A. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Delivery System ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Bait Stations

Fox carcasses are seldom recovered after a 1080-baiting program, making analysis of efficacy difficult. Sodium cyanide was selected as an alternative toxin due to its rapid mode of action. A number of bait techniques were trialled in order to develop an appropriate cyanide delivery system that could be used as a buried bait. Techniques investigated included treated wax and gelatine capsules, a wooden capsule holder and a modified M-44 cyanide ejector. Subsequent trials showed that the modified M-44 ejector had greater efficacy in recovering fox carcasses at bait stations when compared with the other techniques trialled. This paper describes the range of baits trialled and the modifications that allow the M-44 to be used as a buried bait. A protocol for deployment of the M-44 in the field, together with a brief assessment of efficacy for each technique is also provided.

Comparison of methods to detect rare and cryptic species: a case study using the red fox (Vulpes vulpes)

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Vine ◽  
M. S. Crowther ◽  
S. J. Lapidge ◽  
C. R. Dickman ◽  
N. Mooney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Hair Follicles ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Bait Stations

Choosing the appropriate method to detect and monitor wildlife species is difficult if the species is rare or cryptic in appearance or behaviour. We evaluated the effectiveness of the following four methods for detecting red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) on the basis of equivalent person hours in a rural landscape in temperate Australia: camera traps, hair traps (using morphology and DNA from hair follicles), scats from bait stations (using DNA derived from the scats) and spotlighting. We also evaluated whether individual foxes could be identified using remote collection of their tissues. Genetic analysis of hair samples was the least efficient method of detection among the methods employed because of the paucity of samples obtained and the lack of follicles on sampled hairs. Scat detection was somewhat more efficient. Scats were deposited at 17% of bait stations and 80% of scats were amplified with a fox-specific marker, although only 31% of confirmed fox scats could be fully genotyped at all six microsatellite loci. Camera trapping and spotlighting were the most efficient methods of detecting fox presence in the landscape. Spotlighting success varied seasonally, with fox detections peaking in autumn (80% of spotlighting transects) and being lowest in winter (29% of transects). Cameras detected foxes at 51% of stations; however, there was limited seasonality in detection, and success rates varied with camera design. Log-linear models confirmed these trends. Our results showed that the appropriate technique for detecting foxes varies depending on the time of the year. It is suggested that wildlife managers should consider both seasonal effects and species biology when attempting to detect rare or elusive species.

Assessment of non-target risks from sodium fluoroacetate (1080), para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) and sodium cyanide (NaCN) for fox-incursion response in Tasmania

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mallick ◽  
Matthew Pauza ◽  
Charles Eason ◽  
Nick Mooney ◽  
Robbie Gaffney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Single Standard ◽  
Native Birds ◽  
Bait Stations

Context Access to effective toxicants and delivery systems that target red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are likely to be required as part of a management strategy in the event of future red fox incursions into Tasmania. Potential toxicants include sodium fluoroacetate (1080), para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) and sodium cyanide (NaCN). Aims To assess the risk of three toxicants (1080, PAPP and NaCN) to non-target native Tasmanian mammals and birds and domestic dogs and cats. Methods We identified native Tasmanian mammal and bird species that may potentially consume fox baits, by reviewing the ecological traits of native species and by monitoring 180 buried bait stations with video cameras. We also assess the potential risk to non-target species of dying from a single standard dose of each of the three toxicants. Key results Seven native mammal and 20 native bird species have the potential to consume fox bait. All vertebrates would be susceptible to a single dose of NaCN. Consumption of a single fox bait containing 3 mg 1080 may be lethal to five native mammals, three native birds, and the domestic cat (Felis catus) and dog (Canis familiaris). Consumption of a single fox bait containing 226 mg PAPP may be lethal to the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) and the domestic cat and dog. Delivery of toxicants via a mechanical ejector would reduce non-target exposure to toxicants. Conclusions It appears that PAPP would provide a useful alternative to 1080 for use in lethal fox control in Tasmania, either in the event of an incursion or in the eradication of an established population. NaCN is not suitable for broadscale use in Tasmania because of the high susceptibility of all vertebrates to this toxicant. Nevertheless, NaCN would be useful in highly restricted areas in the event of an incursion where carcass recovery is important. The use of a mechanical ejector to target delivery of toxicants to red foxes would reduce non-target risks. Implications Our results clarify theoretical non-target risks from any future fox-poisoning programs in Tasmania and highlight the need for further research on the susceptibility of native species to PAPP as a potential alternative to 1080.

DNA genotypes reveal red fox (Vulpes vulpes) abundance, response to lethal control and limitations of contemporary survey techniques

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive A. Marks ◽  
Frank Gigliotti ◽  
Steve McPhee ◽  
Maxine P. Piggott ◽  
Andrea Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
Abundance Estimates ◽  
Dna Sampling ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Population Indices ◽  
Bait Stations

Context. Scat genotyping has not been routinely used to measure fox (Vulpes vulpes) abundance and our study sought to provide a benchmark for further technique development and assessment of field methods. Aims. This study sought to provide a comparative assessment of some common methods used to determine fox density and contrast their success with scat DNA genotyping. Methods. DNA recovered from fox scats was used to genotype individual red foxes and determine their abundance at four transects. Population indices were also developed from bait take, scat counts and sand plot tracks using index-manipulation-index (IMI) procedures on the same transects. Known samples of foxes were taken from two treatment transects using cyanide delivered in the M-44 ejector to manipulate the population and to recover foxes at the end of the trial. Key results. Replicated counts on a 41-km-spotlight transect at the field site before and after the population manipulation had low variance and good correlation (r2 = 0.79, P < 0.01). Scat genotypes revealed 54 foxes in eight days and, when combined with biopsy DNA from recovered foxes, a minimum known to be alive (KTBA) density of between 1.6 and 5 foxes km–1 was calculated for the transects. Overall, 15/30 (50%) of all recovered foxes had not been detected by scat genotyping, 23/53 (49%) of KTBA genotypes were detected only once and 5/54 (9.5%) of foxes were found to have moved between two transects. Conclusions. At transects where population manipulation occurred, surviving individuals contributed significantly more scats than at the control transects and some individuals were detected at bait stations at a much greater frequency. This strongly suggested that they had contributed disproportionately to some IMI density estimates that were probably influenced by a change in the activity of some individuals rather than changes in population density alone. At one transect, eight foxes were confirmed to be present by spotlight surveys and were detected by scat and KTBA genotypes, yet were undetected by scat, bait station and sand plot indices. Implications. Scat and other DNA-based survey techniques provide a great deal of information about the identification and movement of individuals and if DNA sampling methods can be made more efficient they have the potential to provide accurate abundance estimates that are independent of the control technique.

The Mode of Action of Disulfide Accelerators of Vulcanization

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
W. Langenbeck ◽  
H. C. Rhiem
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Technical Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Organic Catalysis ◽  
Catalytic Power ◽  
Organic Catalysts

Abstract The catalytic power of organic compounds in general has up to the present time been studied much less extensively than that of inorganic compounds. For about the last ten years, however, the first author has, in collaboration with a number of his students, attempted to fill this gap, though so far efforts have been confined to explaining the mode of action of natural enzymes by means of comparative experiments with organic catalysts. As a result of this work, a theory based on experimental facts has been developed to explain in a satisfactory way the action of enzymes. The other phase of organic catalysis is, strictly speaking, a technical problem. Why for instance should it not be practicable to utilize organic catalysts more extensively than heretofore in industry? If this problem is to be attacked, it seems reasonable to start with the particular industry which already uses organic catalysts to the greatest extent. This is, of course, the rubber industry. The important accomplishments of the chemical industry with respect to the development of vulcanization accelerators is already common knowledge, and the important task at present is not simply to increase the great number of accelerators already known. A problem of more practical value would seem to be to study the mechanism of the acceleration of vulcanization, about which relatively little has been known heretofore.

Variation in fur farm and wild populations of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Carnivora: Canidae) — Part I: Morphometry

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Zatoń-Dobrowolska ◽  
Magdalena Moska ◽  
Anna Mucha ◽  
Heliodor Wierzbicki ◽  
Piotr Przysiecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Tail Length ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

This paper demonstrates the influence of artificial selection on morphometric traits in the red fox [Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Measurements and two proportion coefficients were analysed in 132 wild and 199 farm red foxes. The two groups differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) on all but one of the measurements. Eight out of 11 measurements were significantly greater in the farm fox population, while only tail length, ear height, and length of the right hind limb were greater in the population of wild foxes. The opposite trend was observed when analysing variation in the measurements — the farm foxes were characterized by a greater variability only in the case of body weight, body length, and breadth of chest. When analysing the sexual dimorphism index in different sex and population groups, in almost all analysed traits, the greatest differences occurred between farm males and wild females. All of the traits examined in this study are important for survival of wild foxes. However, because importance of some traits was reduced during domestication and selective breeding (farm foxes do not have to fight for survival), the genetic relationship between them may have weakened. Other possible causes of morphological differences between the studied groups of red foxes are discussed as well.

scholarly journals Disseminated Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) with Cerebral Involvement Found in Portugal

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 531-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Matos ◽  
Luis Figueira ◽  
Maria H. Martins ◽  
Manuela Matos ◽  
Márcia Morais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Cerebral Involvement

The diet of red foxes, Vulpes vulpes L., in Victoria

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Coman
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Over Time

Stomach contents were examined for 1229 foxes collected in Victoria during 1968-70. Of these, 967 stomachs contained measurable quantities of food. The fox appears to have a very wide dietary range but is predominantly carnivorous. The main food items encountered were rabbits, sheep carrion, and mice. Lesser amounts of native mammals, birds, cold-blooded vertebrates, invertebrates, and plant material were encountered. For many foods, particularly insects, the intake was markedly seasonal. Regional differences in diet were also apparent. Much of the variation in intake of particular foods over time and between regions was explicable in terms of changing availabilities of these foods.

scholarly journals Mesocarnivores and macroparasites: altitude and land use predict the ticks occurring on red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila D. Sándor ◽  
Gianluca D’Amico ◽  
Călin M. Gherman ◽  
Mirabela O. Dumitrache ◽  
Cristian Domșa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Red Foxes

scholarly journals Four structural variants associated with human‐directed sociability in dogs are not found in tame red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes )

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estelle R. Bastounes ◽  
Halie M. Rando ◽  
Jennifer L. Johnson ◽  
Lyudmila N. Trut ◽  
Benjamin N. Sacks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Red Foxes

Encounters between two sympatric carnivores: red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and European badgers (Meles meles)

2004 ◽  
Vol 263 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Macdonald ◽  
C. D. Buesching ◽  
P. Stopka ◽  
J. Henderson ◽  
S. A. Ellwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Sympatric Carnivores ◽  
European Badgers
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