Membrane applications in the food industry

Current trends in the food industry for the application of membrane techniques are presented. Industrial solutions as well as laboratory research, which can contribute to the improvement of membrane efficiency and performance in this field, are widely discussed. Special attention is given to the main food industries related to dairy, sugar and biotechnology. In addition, the potential of membrane techniques to assist in the treatment of waste sources arising from food production is highlighted.

Athenian Honorary Decrees for Herakleides of Salamis

The stele contains five documents for Herakleides of Salamis of Cyprus, who in 330-329 provided the city with 3,000 medimnoi of wheat at the advantageous price of 5 drachmas and in 328-327 gave the city 3,000 drachmas for the purchase of grain. The decrees are useful for dating two of the main food crises that Attica had to face in the second half of the 4th century; moreover, they enrich our knowledge about the existing relationship between Athens and Salamis in Cyprus, and allow us to delve into the deliberative process of 4th-century Athenian democracy; finally, they contribute to the argument for the existence at Athens of a public archive for the preservation of records.

Analysis of Pungency Sensation Effects from an Oral Processing, Sensorial and Emotions Detection Perspective—Case Study with Grilled Pork Meat

Pungency is an interesting sensory stimulus analyzed from different perspectives, in particular the underpinning mechanisms of its sensation and perception. In this study, grilled pork meat coated with three types of hot sauces were investigated regarding its main food oral processing characteristics and evaluated using time-intensity and temporal dominance of pungency sensations methods analyzing the pungency descriptors and intensities. Besides these methods, facial expressions obtained from video capturing were subject to emotion detection. Mastication parameters showed a slight, but not statistically significant, trend of an increased number of chews and consumption time associated with pungency intensity, while saliva incorporation indicated an increasing trend depending on the pungency intensity, especially after 25 strokes and before swallowing. Both time intensity and temporal dominance of pungency sensations showed that the complexity of understanding these sensations is in relation to intensity and type. Finally, the use of emotion detection software in analyzing the faces of panelists during mastication confirmed the increase in non-neutral emotions associated with the increase in pungency intensity.

Biologycal aspect of Indian Scad (Decapterus russelli) (Ruppell,1830) caugth in Bali and Madura Straits, and Southern waters of East Java, Indonesia

The way to determine whether the Indian scad (D. russelli) comes from the same stock or not, is using estimation morphology and biology. The kinship of D. russelli in the three waters is not too close, and it has a very distant kinship with D. macarellus and D. kurroides. D. russelli and D. macrosoma in Bali Strait and South Java is close. The results of the analysis show that two of five components of the characteristic morphometric factor of D. russelli in the three waters have a character differential percentage of 37.73% and similarity of 62.27%. The growth rate obtained (L∞) from Bali Strait is 26,16 cm FL, the growth rate coefficient (K) is 0,63 per year, and (t0) is -0,20 years length maturity (Lm) male 13,9 cm FL and female 16,1 FL. The type of foods that is found are 12 phylums. The growth rate obtained (L∞) from Southern Waters of East Java of 28,28 cm FL, the growth rate coefficient (K) is 0,83 per year, and (t0) is -0,18 year, length maturity (Lm) male 15,3 cm FL female 16,7 cm FL. Type of foods that is found are 6 phylums. The growth rate obtained in Madura strait has an asymptotic length (Loo) 24,63 cm FL ; K 0,63 per year and t0 -0,27 year. Indian scad is a carnivore with the main food is Zooplankton (61%). using the morphological and biological approach, it is found that the D. russelli caught in the three waters come from a different stock.

Bread in small forms of Lithuanian folklore

Bread is one of the oldest human-made foods. With the emergence of agriculture, it became a daily meal and so began to be appreciated, personalised and deified. The image of bread in small forms of folklore shows that it is the main food, so important that people are ready to work hard for it and even baking bread is considered difficult. The result of all this work is a person whose hunger is satiated, and the same is true of the entire family. Although all work is valuable, that of a plougher or generally of ordinary people is particularly appreciated because it is most strictly connected with bread and land. Considerable attention is paid to the quality of bread: it not only has to look nice but also be tasty. Bread allows one to differentiate one’s folk from strangers; it reminds one of home and motherland, functions as a symbol of stability and harmony in the family. Data from folklore highlight mutual relationships between bread and people: bread protects people from misfortunes, it heals and warns them of danger. Therefore, people protect and respect it and attribute magical qualities to it. This understanding of bread was typical of our ancestors. However, given that the data from folklore used in this study come from the 19th and early 20th c., the contemporary understanding of bread may be different.

IMPORTÂNCIA DE MICROHABITATS NA OCORRÊNCIA DE GÊNEROS DE EPHEMEROPTERA E TRICHOPTERA EM UMA ILHA NO RIO XINGU

IMPORTANCE OF MICROHABITATS IN THE OCCURRENCE OF EPHEMEROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA SPECIES IN AN ISLAND IN RIO XINGU. This work described the abundance, richness and composition of genera and the functional food groups (GFA) of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera (ET), in different microhabitats of a fluvial island, in Volta Grande of the Xingu River, Brazilian Amazon. Aquatic insects were collected from 30 samples located in puddles situated in the interior of the island (rocks as substrate); and another 30 samples located in the coastal margin of the island (pebble as substrate). The different facets of diversity (abundance, richness and composition of genera and GFA) were compared between puddle samples with rock substrate and those from the coastal region with pebble substrate. In total, 56 individuals were collected, distributed in 15 genera ET. The greatest estimated genera richness and the largest number of individuals occurred in the rocks of the puddle environments. The composition of genera differed between the rocks in the puddle environments and the pebbles in the coastal environments, with the community of the latter being more homogeneous. There were more scraper organisms distributed predominantly in the rocks of the puddle environments and filtering organisms arranged predominantly in the pebbles of the coastal environments. The distribution of scrapers is related to the availability of food, since the island has little vegetation and the light on the rocks is favorable for colonization by biofilm, its main food resource. In the coastal region, the greater distribution of filters is related to the greater number of fine particles suspended in water, its main food resource. The results demonstrate that even in spatially close environments, such as on a small island, differences in the availability of food resources in different microhabitats can influence the distribution in multiple facets of diversity. Thus, even in dynamic environments such as large rivers, maintaining microhabitats is important for aquatic insect communities.

Fiscalitat municipal sobre productes alimentaris a Castelló d’Empúries (1350–1365)

During the 14th century, Catalan towns, together with those in the rest of the Crown of Aragon, issued enormous quantities of long-term debt, which took the form of sales of perpetual and lifelong annuities ("censals morts" and "violaris"), in order to finance their numerous economic needs of different types. As a consequence of the growing issuing of debt instruments, town governments had to build a fiscal system of increasing complexity to satisfy the rising annual interests. The system was based on a set of indirect taxes over commerce and the consumption of certain food and manufactured products. Castelló d’Empúries was not an exception and the town engaged and consolidated long-term debt between approximately 1350 and 1375. This article analyses the evolution of the taxes on food that the town government of Castelló was administering during this period (yield, tariffs and exempt groups), applied on wine and grapes, meat, cereal milling, bread, oil, fish and pigs. On these grounds, the article assesses whether the increasing town debt resulted in a growing tax pressure on its inhabitants, and offers an overview of the main food types that were commercialised in Castelló during the 14th century.

Dietary Intake Adequacy and Food Sources of Nutrients Involved in the Methionine-Methylation Cycle in Women of Childbearing Age from the ANIBES Spanish Population

Growing evidence confirms choline as a critical perinatal nutrient. However, intake levels of choline and betaine among the Spanish fertile population remain unknown. Given their role in one-carbon metabolism with potential epigenetic effects, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the dietary intakes, their adequacy to existing guidelines and the main food sources together with other micronutrients involved in the methylation-methionine cycle (vitamin B6, folates and vitamin B12) in women of childbearing age. The ANIBES study, a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of women of childbearing age (18–45 years, n = 641) resident in Spain, was used. The sample was divided into younger women (18–30 years, n = 251) and older women (31–45 years, n = 390). Dietary intake was assessed by a three-day dietary record by using a tablet device. Total median intakes for the total sample were 303.9 mg/d for choline; 122.6 mg/d for betaine; 1.3 mg/d for vitamin B6; 140.8 μg/d for folates, and 3.8 μg/d for vitamin B12. The older subgroup showed significantly higher choline (p < 0.05), betaine (p < 0.001) and folates (p < 0.05) intakes than younger women. Main food sources for the whole sample were meat and meat products for choline (28.3%), vitamin B6 (25.7%) and vitamin B12 (22.8%); cereals and derivatives (79.9%) for betaine; vegetables (20.0%) for folates. Overall intake adequacy was only observed for vitamin B12, with a very limited number of participants showing adequate intakes for all the other micronutrients. These results illustrate there is a relevant need to raise awareness about optimizing the status of the methionine cycle-related vitamins and cofactors in this potentially vulnerable population.