Allophane and halloysite content and soil solution silicon in soils from rhyolitic volcanic material, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Singleton ◽  
M Mcleod ◽  
HJ Percival
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
Pale Colour ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Si in soil solution and allophane and halloysite content was studied by using a drainage sequence of three New Zealand soils from rhyolitic volcanic alluvium. Clay mineralogy was compared with soil colour and drainage. Allophane and halloysite contents of two morphologically similar soils from rhyolitic volcanic ash were also studied and possible reasons for differences in mineralogy were determined. Allophane was estimated by acid oxalate and pyrophosphate dissolution. The Al/Si ratio of the allophane was determined and the allophane content of the soil was estimated from the Si extracted in acid-oxalate. Halloysite was estimated by differential thermal analysis of the whole soil. Soil samples were centrifuged with a dense water-immiscible organic liquid to displace the soil solution from between soil particles. The Si in soil solution was then determined by spectrophotometry. Allophane was predominant when Si in soil solution was <10gm-3, and halloysite was predominant when Si in soil solution was >10gm-3. Low Si in soil solution and the presence of allophane was associated with well drained horizons which could be identified by their ochreous colour. High Si in soil solution, the absence of allophane and predominance of halloysite, was associated with poorly drained horizons. These horizons could be identified by their pale colour (chroma <2). In two morphologically similar soils, the change from allophane dominance in one soil to hahoysite dominance in the other soil also corresponded to an increase in Si in soil solution. This was probably the result of slightly slower horizon permeability which increased Si in soil solution to a level favouring halloysite formation.

The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

scholarly journals Suppression of Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli on Bean by Aluminum in Acid Soils

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromitsu Furuya ◽  
Tadashi Takahashi ◽  
Tsutomu Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Soil Aluminum ◽  
Exchangeable Aluminum

The severity of bean root rot caused by Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli in vitro was studied with regard to exchangeable soil aluminum for 25 soil samples collected from northeastern Honshyu island, Japan. Of these, 24 were Andosols, typically acidic and of volcanic ash origin. Disease severity was assessed based on the number of lesions produced by the pathogen on a 6-cm section of bean stem buried and incubated for 8 days at 25°C in artificially infested soil samples. The number of lesions differed considerably among soil samples. In all soils in which disease incidence was very low, macroconidial germination was strongly inhibited. The inhibition was observed in all soil samples with exchangeable aluminum contents of at least 0.4 meq/100 g of soil, although it is unclear if this concentration is the lowest limit for inhibition. When soil pH was 5.6 or lower, higher amounts of exchangeable aluminum were detected from soils in which the major clay mineralogy was chloritized 2:1 minerals, while no or limited amounts of aluminum were detected from soils in which the major clay mineralogy was allophane/imogolite. Macroconidial germination and disease incidence are thus closely related to clay mineralogy, which regulates the behavior of exchangeable aluminum.

Relationships between soil solution aluminium and extractable aluminium in some moderately acid New Zealand soils

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Percival ◽  
KM Giddens ◽  
R Lee ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pasture Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extractable Al

This work investigates the relationship between soil solution aluminium (Al) and extractable Al in some New Zealand soils giving high extractable Al levels, yet with pH(H2O) values ≥ 5.2. Total Al in 1 M KCl extracts ranged from 0.8 to 11.6 cmol(+)/kg, and in corresponding 0.02 M CaCl2 extracts from 0.002 to 0.39 cmol(+)/kg. Soil solutions had low total Al concentrations, ranging from < 0.5 to 12.5 µM, with < 10% of the Al in the monomeric Al form as determined by the chromeazurol S colorimetric method. There was a poor correlation between Al in soil solution and that extracted by either 1 M KCl or 0.02 M CaCl2. The measured monomeric Al concentrations in the soil solutions did not exceed levels corresponding to Al toxicity threshold activities set at 10 or 2 µM, related to a range of pasture plant tolerances, whether based on the activity of Al3+ species alone, or on the sum of the individual activities of Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)2+ species. The high 1 M KCl-extractable and 0.02 M CaCl2-extractable Al values provided a misleading indication of potential Al toxicity status, probably due to the generation of artificially high extracted Al concentrations from these particular types of soils.

scholarly journals A comparison of populations of Armillaria hinnulea in New Zealand and Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 41-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.D. Ramsfield ◽  
M.W.P. Power ◽  
G.S. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Its Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Nothofagus Forests ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Decaying Wood ◽  
The Relationship

Armillaria hinnulea has been recorded from the northwest quadrant of the South Island of New Zealand Tasmania and Australia In New Zealand A hinnulea is rare being restricted to decaying wood in South Island Nothofagus forests A preliminary study of the relationship between the populations of A hinnulea was performed using DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA Two major ITS clades were observed each of which included representative sequences from Australian collections Within one ITS clade one Australian sequence was 100 identical with the New Zealand isolates while in the other ITS clade eight New Zealand isolates representing five locations were 100 identical but the Australian sequence differed by five base substitutions and was in a separate subclade These results suggest at least two introductions of A hinnulea have occurred one relatively recently and one in the more distant past

An analysis of the SME–bank match made in heaven: the case of New Zealand main banks and their relationship-managed SMEs

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-411
Author(s):  
Zakaria Boulanouar ◽  
Stuart Locke ◽  
Mark Holmes
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relationship Banking ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Character Assessment ◽  
Main Bank ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Banks ◽  
Made In

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to answer the increasing calls to analyse how lending relationship between banks and their small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) work. More precisely, the main aim is to investigate the lending approach(es) and criteria used by banks to assess loan applications from their relationship-managed (RM) SMEs’ clients. Other objectives include investigating the level of congruence in terms of lending practices and processes among the sample banks in New Zealand (NZ) and to discern how the assessment of the SME owner/manager is done within the relationship-banking framework. Design/methodology/approach The research objectives concern investigating processes and not variances. Thus, a qualitative research approach was used. Extensive data was collected via interviews across representative banks in NZ and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Findings The findings include a detailed analysis of how relationship banking actually works; how in NZ, the main bank brands use three criteria of lending (financials, security and character) as a framework of assessing loan applications from RM-clients – which is different from the character, capital, capacity, conditions, and collateral (5Cs) that are widely used and discussed as the framework of lending; and an elucidation as to why and how character assessment is different from the other criteria of lending. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the mechanisms and processes that banks use to deal with their RM-SMEs, show the existence of a different framework of lending other than the 5Cs and attempt an explanation as to why character evaluation is different from that of the other criteria of lending.

Relationship between 137Cs in some undisturbed New Zealand soils and rainfall

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Basher ◽  
KM Matthews
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Atmospheric Fallout ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Local Measurements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Soil samples were collected from 10 undisturbed sites in South Canterbury and Manawatu, New Zealand, to examine the relationship between 137Cs in soils and rainfall. The results were used to test a previously derived model relating cumulative deposition of 137Cs from atmospheric fallout to mean annual rainfall. There were strong correlations between mean measured levels of 137Cs in soils from the undisturbed sites and rainfall, and between the mean measured levels in soils and those predicted by the model. The moder can therefore be used to estimate input levels of137Cs for erosion studies and to verify the suitability of local measurements of the input value from sites assumed to be undisturbed. Coefficients of variation in soil-Cs at the undisturbed sites ranged up to 30%, indicating that up to 10 samples may be needed to estimate the input value with a standard error � 10%.

Surface charge characteristics and clay mineralogy of some variable charge soils in Papua New Guinea

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bleeker ◽  
R Sageman
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Characteristic Set ◽  
Basaltic Rocks ◽  
Alteration Product

Clay mineralogy and charge characteristics of two lowland volcanic ash soils (Andepts or Andisols) and two strongly weathered soils (Oxisols) have been studied. The clay mineralogy of the Oxisols is strongly related to the composition of the parent material, one profile on ultrabasic rocks being dominated by goethite and the other, developed on basaltic rocks, having kaolinite as the major clay mineral. In contrast, the clay minerals of the soils developed on volcanic ash deposits are dominated by hydroxy Al-interlayered vermiculite which, in one soil, is most likely formed as an alteration product of biotite. In the other profile, however, in the absence of mica, the vermiculite may have formed as an alteration product of feldspars. Charge characteristics for each of the four profiles studied show a characteristic set of curves related to organic matter content, clay mineralogy and exchangeable aluminium at low pH. The results clearly show that organic manuring within the root zone and/or rejuvenation of silica-rich ash showers can be very beneficial in retaining the chemical fertility levels of soils that contain both variable and permanent charge colloids.

Corrigenda - The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

The relationship between soil solution pH and Al3+concentrations in a range of South Island (New Zealand) soils

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Adams ◽  
D. J. Hawke ◽  
N. H. S. Nilsson ◽  
K. J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Relationship

Concentrations of Al3+ were calculated in soil solutions from concentrations of the monomeric ‘reactive Al’ species ([Al3+] + [Al(OH)2+] + [Al(OH)2+] + [AlF2+]) obtained using a recently reported flow injection analysis (FIA) chelating resin technique. Soil solution samples came from 7 sites encompassing a range of New Zealand soils (Brown, Gley, Pallic, Podzol, and Recent Soils) and vegetation types (pasture, shrub lands, and indigenous and exotic forest). Previously published data from a further 7 sites, obtained using a rapid (7 s) FIA technique, were transformed to give compatible results. The resultant data (n = 85) covered the pH range 2.7–7.6, and showed a single curvilinear relationship for log [Al3+] v. soil solution pH, regardless of vegetation or soil type. At pH >5.6, the data had a slope of –2.98 and fell between the amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite solubility lines. At pH <5.0, the data had a slope of –0.46; further, the soil solutions were under-saturated with respect to both minerals. These results are interpreted as indicating control of Al solubility by Al(OH)3 (s) (at pH >5.6) and soil organic matter (at pH <5.0), respectively. This interpretation is supported by data from a pH-dependent Al–fulvic acid binding curve, for which calculated values of [Al3+] follow the same curvilinear relationship determined from the soil solution samples.

The Relationship Between Suicidal Thinking and Dating Violence in a Sample of Adolescent Abortion Patients

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 246-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen E. Ely ◽  
William R. Nugent ◽  
Julie Cerel ◽  
Mholi Vimbba
Keyword(s):  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Adolescent Dating Violence ◽  
Adolescent Relationships ◽  
Suicidal Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Background: The relationship between suicidal thinking and adolescent dating violence has not been previously explored in a sample of adolescent abortion patients. Aims: This paper highlights a study where the relationship between dating violence and severity of suicidal thinking was examined in a sample of 120 young women ages 14–21 seeking to terminate an unintended pregnancy. Methods: The Multidimensional Adolescent Assessment Scale and the Conflict in Adolescent Relationships Scale was used to gather information about psychosocial problems and dating violence so that the relationship between the two problems could be examined, while controlling for the other psychosocial problems. Results: The results suggest that dating violence was related to severity of suicidal thinking, and that the magnitude of this relationship was moderated by the severity of problems with aggression. Conclusions: Specifically, as the severity of participant’s general problems with aggression increased, the magnitude of the relationship between dating violence and severity of suicidal thinking increased. Limitations of the study and implications for practice are discussed.

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