Surface charge characteristics and clay mineralogy of some variable charge soils in Papua New Guinea

Soil Research ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bleeker ◽  
R Sageman
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Characteristic Set ◽  
Basaltic Rocks ◽  
Alteration Product

Clay mineralogy and charge characteristics of two lowland volcanic ash soils (Andepts or Andisols) and two strongly weathered soils (Oxisols) have been studied. The clay mineralogy of the Oxisols is strongly related to the composition of the parent material, one profile on ultrabasic rocks being dominated by goethite and the other, developed on basaltic rocks, having kaolinite as the major clay mineral. In contrast, the clay minerals of the soils developed on volcanic ash deposits are dominated by hydroxy Al-interlayered vermiculite which, in one soil, is most likely formed as an alteration product of biotite. In the other profile, however, in the absence of mica, the vermiculite may have formed as an alteration product of feldspars. Charge characteristics for each of the four profiles studied show a characteristic set of curves related to organic matter content, clay mineralogy and exchangeable aluminium at low pH. The results clearly show that organic manuring within the root zone and/or rejuvenation of silica-rich ash showers can be very beneficial in retaining the chemical fertility levels of soils that contain both variable and permanent charge colloids.

scholarly journals Increased Organic Matter in the Growing Medium Decreases Benlate DF Phytotoxicity

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 743-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. van Iersel ◽  
B. Bugbee
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Benzimidazole Fungicides ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Growing Medium

Some benzimidazole fungicides are phytotoxic to bedding plants. Organic pesticides are bound to the organic matter fraction in the root zone and their availability to plants depends on the composition of the growing medium. Thus, pesticide phytotoxicity may be affected by the fraction of organic matter in the growing medium. We conducted two studies to examine the relationship between benzimidazole phytotoxicity and organic matter content of the growing medium. In the first study, plants were grown in diatomaceous earth, containing no organic matter, and drenched with different fungicides. Benlate DF reduced carbon accumulation (growth) of the plants by 32 and 73% at the 0.5× and 1× label rate, respectively. Carbon gain of plants drenched with either Derosal or 3336 WP was similar to that of the control plants. Both Benlate DF and 3336 WP significantly decreased the number of flowers on the plants. The second study quantified the phytotoxicity of Benlate DF in media containing different amounts of organic matter. The growth of Benlate DF-treated plants was strongly affected by the amount of peat. Net photosynthesis decreased and the severity of visual symptoms (chlorosis) of Benlate DF phytotoxicity increased in media containing less peat. Benlate DF phytotoxicity strongly depends on the amount of organic matter in the growing medium, probably due to sorption of the active ingredient of Benlate DF and/or its breakdown products to the organic matter.

Comparison of aggregate stability within six soil profiles under conventional tillage using various laboratory tests

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radka Kodešová ◽  
Marcela Rohošková ◽  
Anna Žigová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structure Stability ◽  
Soil Aggregate Stability

AbstractSoil structure stability was studied in every diagnostic horizons of six soil types (Haplic Chernozem, Greyic Phaeozem, two Haplic Luvisols, Haplic Cambisol, Dystric Cambisol) using different techniques investigating various destruction mechanisms of soil aggregates. Soil aggregate stability, assessed by the index of water stable aggregates (WSA), varied depending on the organic matter content, clay content and pHKCl. The presence of clay and organic matter coatings and fillings, and presence of iron oxides in some soils increased stability of soil aggregates. On the other hand periodical tillage apparently decreased aggregate stability in the Ap horizons. Coefficients of aggregate vulnerability resulting from fast wetting (KV 1) and slow wetting (KV 2) tests showed similar trends of the soil aggregate stability as the WSA index, when studied for soils developed on the similar parent material. There was found close correlation between the WSA index and the KV 1 value, which depended also on the organic matter content, clay content and pHKCl. Less significant correlation was obtained between the WSA index and the KV 2 value, which depended on the organic matter content and clay content. Coefficients of vulnerability resulting from the shaking after pre-wetting test (KV 3) showed considerably different trends in comparison to the other tests due to the different factors affecting aggregate stability against the mechanical destruction. The KV 3 value depended mostly on cation exchange capacity, pHKCl and organic matter content.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Mollusks and Oxygen Concentrations in Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gabriel Kuk-Dzul ◽  
Victoria Díaz-Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Bottom Water ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

This study describes the relationship between mollusks, physicochemical properties of seawater, and sediments under natural conditions of low impact. Thirty-nine stations were sampled in October 1994 using a Van Veen grab (0.1 m−2). Temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of bottom water were obtained with a CTD. Organic matter content and sediment grain analysis were determined. A total of 836 mollusks were collected. Gastropoda was the most abundant (52%) and diverse class with 27 genera, followed by Bivalvia with eight genera and Scaphopoda with only one genus. According to CCA analysis, dominant mollusks were significantly related with high DO concentrations.Donax,Natica,Acteocina,Bulla,Anachis,Odostomia, andCrucibulumcan be classified as sensitive genera because they were found mainly in high oxygen concentrations (3.1–5.6 mL L−1); on the other hand,Cardiomya,Nuculana,Laevicardium,Chione,Truncatella, andDentaliumcan be classified as tolerant genera (1.0–5.6 mL L−1). Todos Santos Bay hosts a diverse malacological fauna (36 genera); our results show that the dominant genera were mainly related to high dissolved oxygen concentrations. Mollusks can be a useful tool in environmental monitoring programs related with oxygen depletion in coastal areas.

scholarly journals Modeling of Infiltration Characteristics by the Modified Kostiakov Method: A Case Study in Thuong River Alluvial Soil in Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-425
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Giang ◽  
Ngo Thi Dung ◽  
Nguyen Van Dung
Keyword(s):  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Available N ◽  
Characteristic Model ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Percentage Difference

The purpose of this study was to apply the modified Kostiakov method to determine the soil infiltration rate and permeated water amount of Thuong River alluvial soil for orange plantations in Lang Giang district, Bac Giang province, Vietnam. The soil particle size ranged from 0.02 to 2.00mm mainly found in the surface horizon (>77.7%). The soil was slightly acidic in the surface horizon, and highly acidic in the subsurface horizons (pHKCl from 3.42 to 4.79). The organic matter content of the surface horizon was mederate, while it was very low in the other horizons. The total nitrogen (N) content was low (0.15%) in the surface horizon and very low in the subsurface horizons (0.02-0.06%) while the available N was medium. The total phosphorus (P) content in the surface horizon was high (0.4%) and medium in the other horizons. Available P in the surface horizon was high (18.6mg per 100g soil) and decreased in lower depths to only 0.3mg per 100g soil in the deepest (5th) horizon. The total and available potassium measurements were very low. A filtration characteristic model was developed by using the modified Kostiakov method for alluvial soil. The constant values a, a, and b of the equation y = ata + b were 0.8035, 0.758, and 0.00346, respectively, which were smaller than 1. The average percentage difference between the actual and calculated values by the model was only 0.141%, indicating that the calculated values can accurately predict the actual data measurements in the field. 

scholarly journals Modeling of Infiltration Characteristics by the Modified Kostiakov Method: A Case Study in Thuong River Alluvial Soil in Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-425
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Giang ◽  
Ngo Thi Dung ◽  
Nguyen Van Dung
Keyword(s):  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Available N ◽  
Characteristic Model ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Percentage Difference

The purpose of this study was to apply the modified Kostiakov method to determine the soil infiltration rate and permeated water amount of Thuong River alluvial soil for orange plantations in Lang Giang district, Bac Giang province, Vietnam. The soil particle size ranged from 0.02 to 2.00mm mainly found in the surface horizon (>77.7%). The soil was slightly acidic in the surface horizon, and highly acidic in the subsurface horizons (pHKCl from 3.42 to 4.79). The organic matter content of the surface horizon was mederate, while it was very low in the other horizons. The total nitrogen (N) content was low (0.15%) in the surface horizon and very low in the subsurface horizons (0.02-0.06%) while the available N was medium. The total phosphorus (P) content in the surface horizon was high (0.4%) and medium in the other horizons. Available P in the surface horizon was high (18.6mg per 100g soil) and decreased in lower depths to only 0.3mg per 100g soil in the deepest (5th) horizon. The total and available potassium measurements were very low. A filtration characteristic model was developed by using the modified Kostiakov method for alluvial soil. The constant values a, a, and b of the equation y = ata + b were 0.8035, 0.758, and 0.00346, respectively, which were smaller than 1. The average percentage difference between the actual and calculated values by the model was only 0.141%, indicating that the calculated values can accurately predict the actual data measurements in the field. 

PCA Analysis and Concentration of Heavy Metal in the Soil, Guangdong, China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 1952-1955
Author(s):  
Chun Lin Yang ◽  
Rui Ping Guo ◽  
Rong Zeng Liu ◽  
Qing Ling Yue ◽  
Xiu Juan Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Geographical Patterns ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
Soil Parent Material ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Local Anomalies

The concentrations of 9 metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in topsoil in Guangdong were investigated based on 260 samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible sources of metals. The average concentrations (mg/kg) obtained were: Cu 17.37 mg/kg, Ni 17.7 mg/kg, Cr 56.7 mg/kg, Co 6.83 mg/kg, Mn 223.16 mg/kg, Pb 36.63 mg/kg, Hg 0.10 mg/kg, Cd 0.09 mg/kg and Zn 49.75 mg/kg. The results of factor analysis group Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg and Mn in F1 and Cu, Ni, Cr, Co in F2. The spatial heavy metals component maps show definite association of these factors with the soil parent material and soil types. The concentration levels are relatively low in areas of high pH and low organic matter content concentration. The 9 metals in Guangdong have generally low concentrations and distinct geographical patterns. The local anomalies (found in Cu, Zn and Pb) are attributed to anthropogenic influence.

THE AVAILABLE BORON CONTENT OF THE GENETIC HORIZONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS: I. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER-SOLUBLE BORON AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Miljkovic ◽  
B. C. Matthews ◽  
M. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Relationship

The available boron content of the genetic horizons of eight Ontario soils was determined using a hot-water extraction and a sunflower test. The available boron was highest in the surface horizons and decreased in the zones of eluviation to a level equal to or lower than that in the parent material. The content in the horizons was generally higher than that in the C horizons.The water-soluble boron was closely related to the organic matter content in a quadratic regression (R2 = 0.691). When pH and clay content were included in regressions, a positive organic matter × pH component was the single most important variable, explaining 64.4% of the variability. Additional terms involving clay content and pH did not greatly increase the R2 value.

Assessing the fate of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons from oily waste land spreading by modelling

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Drolet ◽  
Olivier Banton ◽  
Pierre Lafrance ◽  
Jean-Pierre Villeneuve
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Petroleum Refineries ◽  
Oily Waste

The organic wastes produced by petroleum refineries are often treated by spreading them on land sites, allowing hydrocarbons to degrade naturally. In such conditions, mathematical models representing the transport of organics in the soil are useful for predicting the quantities of hydrocarbons, like polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), that could reach the water table in the short and long term. The pesticide root zone model (PRZM) simulates the fate of pesticides in the soil. Because of the analogy between the agricultural use of pesticides and the land spreading of petroleum residues containing hydrocarbons, and the similar physicochemical characteristics of these two types of potential organic contaminants, this model was applied to a land-spreading site in southern Quebec. The simulation results indicate that the studied PAHs may not migrate to depths of more than 40 cm. The predicted concentrations may be several hundred times lower when the degradation rate doubles. Natural variations in the local hydrodynamic conditions caused by soil texture do not greatly affect the concentrations of a relatively mobile PAH in soil or in water. In contrast to the texture, the soil organic matter content greatly influences the distribution of PAHs between the liquid and solid phases and, consequently, their migration through the soil. Key words: PAH, phenanthrene, pyrene, refinery, land treatment, mobility, degradation, simulation, PRZM.

scholarly journals Morpho-physical and Chemical Characteristics of Strongly Weathered Soils in Silago, Southern Leyte, Philippines

2014 ◽  
pp. 115-147
Author(s):  
Maria Katrina Piamonte ◽  
Victor Asio ◽  
Suzette Lina
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The study evaluated the morpho-physical and chemical characteristics of strongly weathered soils in Silago, Southern Leyte, one of the biodiversity hotspots in the Philippines. Examination of seven soil profiles revealed that the soils have colors ranging from yellowish brown to yellowish red, have high clay content (37.04 to 62.15%), and moderate to high porosity values (38.49 to 52.83%). They are deep (>3m) and friable when moist but very plastic and very sticky when wet. In terms of soil chemistry, most of the soils have acidic pH values (<6.75), have low to moderate potential CEC (11.31 to 38.13 cmolc/kg), low to high base saturation (0.76 to 69.62%), and extremely low to medium organic matter content (0.07 to 2.59%). The soils contain low to medium N (0.01 to 0.28%), and extremely low available P (< 5 mg/kg). However, most of the soils contain sufficient amounts of exchangeable Mg (0.12 to 9.28 cmolc/kg), and Na (0.05 to 1.70 cmol/kg) except profile 5, but are deficient in Ca (0.07 to 0.27 cmolc/kg) and exchangeable K (0.02 to 0.37 cmolc/kg) since the soils are acidic. Most of the soils are classified as Hapludults (USDA Soil Taxonomy) or Haplic Alisols (WRB) except the one in the toeslope which is a Hapludalf or Haplic Luvisol. The study revealed that the soils have closely related properties probably due to their similar parent material, original forest vegetation and climate. The differences in some soil properties appear to be the effect of topography.

Soil Fertility

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. R. Juo ◽  
Kathrin Franzluebbers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
High Base

In the natural world, plant species evolve and adapt to specific soil and climatic conditions. The productivity and stability of a natural soil-plant continuum or ecosystem are maintained through diversity, succession, and internal nutrient cycling. Hence, there are no rich soils or poor soils but different soils supporting different ecosystems. From an agricultural viewpoint, however, the term soil fertility may be defined as the capacity of a soil, under a given rainfall or water management regime, to support the growth of common food and fiber crops with minimum or no external inputs for a long period of time without adversely degrading the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil. Thus, a naturally fertile or productive soil usually possesses the following features: • good soil tilth or workability • adequate organic matter content in the surface layer • adequate permeability • adequate available water-holding capacity • slightly acidic to neutral pH • loamy-textured topsoil • moderate amounts of smectite and weatherable minerals Worldwide, the most fertile soils are prairie soils derived from glacial till, young alluvial soils in river valleys and deltas and high-base-status volcanic ash soils. These soils are also known as Mollisols, high-base-status Entisols and high-base- status Andisols, respectively, according to the Soil Taxonomy classification. At the other end of the scale are the so-called infertile soils. These are the highly weathered and strongly leached soils or “lateritic soils” of the tropics. Ultisols and Oxisols rich in kaolinite and Fe and Al oxides fall into this category. The soil fertility status of other types of soils falls in between these two groups. In general, parent material and stage of weathering are good indicators of soil fertility. Moderately weathered soils derived from basic parent rocks such as basalts and limestone and recent alluvial deposits are invariably more fertile than those derived from acidic parent rocks such as sandstone, quartzite, and coarse-grained granite. Strongly weathered soils generally have a low fertility because primary minerals containing plant nutrients such as Ca, Mg, and K have long disappeared through dissolution, acidification, and leaching. The dominant clay-size minerals in strongly weathered soils, kaolinite and Fe and Al oxides, possess little capacity to retain these cations.

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