Relationships between soil solution aluminium and extractable aluminium in some moderately acid New Zealand soils

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
HJ Percival ◽  
KM Giddens ◽  
R Lee ◽  
JS Whitton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pasture Plant ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extractable Al

This work investigates the relationship between soil solution aluminium (Al) and extractable Al in some New Zealand soils giving high extractable Al levels, yet with pH(H2O) values ≥ 5.2. Total Al in 1 M KCl extracts ranged from 0.8 to 11.6 cmol(+)/kg, and in corresponding 0.02 M CaCl2 extracts from 0.002 to 0.39 cmol(+)/kg. Soil solutions had low total Al concentrations, ranging from < 0.5 to 12.5 µM, with < 10% of the Al in the monomeric Al form as determined by the chromeazurol S colorimetric method. There was a poor correlation between Al in soil solution and that extracted by either 1 M KCl or 0.02 M CaCl2. The measured monomeric Al concentrations in the soil solutions did not exceed levels corresponding to Al toxicity threshold activities set at 10 or 2 µM, related to a range of pasture plant tolerances, whether based on the activity of Al3+ species alone, or on the sum of the individual activities of Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)2+ species. The high 1 M KCl-extractable and 0.02 M CaCl2-extractable Al values provided a misleading indication of potential Al toxicity status, probably due to the generation of artificially high extracted Al concentrations from these particular types of soils.

The relationship between soil solution pH and Al3+concentrations in a range of South Island (New Zealand) soils

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Adams ◽  
D. J. Hawke ◽  
N. H. S. Nilsson ◽  
K. J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Chelating Resin ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
The Relationship

Concentrations of Al3+ were calculated in soil solutions from concentrations of the monomeric ‘reactive Al’ species ([Al3+] + [Al(OH)2+] + [Al(OH)2+] + [AlF2+]) obtained using a recently reported flow injection analysis (FIA) chelating resin technique. Soil solution samples came from 7 sites encompassing a range of New Zealand soils (Brown, Gley, Pallic, Podzol, and Recent Soils) and vegetation types (pasture, shrub lands, and indigenous and exotic forest). Previously published data from a further 7 sites, obtained using a rapid (7 s) FIA technique, were transformed to give compatible results. The resultant data (n = 85) covered the pH range 2.7–7.6, and showed a single curvilinear relationship for log [Al3+] v. soil solution pH, regardless of vegetation or soil type. At pH >5.6, the data had a slope of –2.98 and fell between the amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite solubility lines. At pH <5.0, the data had a slope of –0.46; further, the soil solutions were under-saturated with respect to both minerals. These results are interpreted as indicating control of Al solubility by Al(OH)3 (s) (at pH >5.6) and soil organic matter (at pH <5.0), respectively. This interpretation is supported by data from a pH-dependent Al–fulvic acid binding curve, for which calculated values of [Al3+] follow the same curvilinear relationship determined from the soil solution samples.

The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Soil and soil solution chemistry of a New Zealand pasture soil amended with heavy metal-containing sewage sludge

Soil Research ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Percival
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solution Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Free Metal ◽  
Soil Metal

The disposal of wastewater treatment sewage sludge onto agricultural land in New Zealand has led to the development of guidelines for the upper limit concentrations for total heavy metals in the underlying soil. However, those soil biological and biochemical processes now known to be most sensitive to environmental change are being used internationally to set new soil limits. The soil solution chemistry of a pasture soil amended with heavy metals has been used to assess the bioavailability of several important heavy metals. Field trial plots were treated with both spiked (Cu, Ni, or Zn) and unspiked sewage sludge to raise total soil metal concentrations, both above and below the current New Zealand guideline values. Soils were sampled pre-amendment in 1997 and post-amendment in 1998, 1999, and 2000. Soil solutions were extracted by centrifugation and analysed for pH, for concentrations of heavy metals, major cations and anions, and dissolved organic carbon. Heavy metal speciation was calculated with the GEOCHEM-PC model.Soil solution concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn increased with increasing levels of metal in the spiked sludge, reflecting increases in total soil metal concentrations. Cu concentrations changed little with time, but those of Ni and Zn tended to decrease. Cu was much more adsorbed by the soil than was Ni or Zn. The free metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ (representing the most 'bioavailable' fraction), were the dominant metal species in the soil solutions. Variations in free metal ion percentages with metal-spiking level depended on the balance between organic and sulfate complexation for Cu, but on sulfate complexation alone for Ni and Zn. Cu and Ni free metal-ion activities in soil solution were relatively low even at the highest metal loadings in the soil, but may be high enough to cause toxicity problems. Zn activities were very much higher, and at the regulatory limit for zinc likely to affect sensitive biological and biochemical properties of the soil.

Allophane and halloysite content and soil solution silicon in soils from rhyolitic volcanic material, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Singleton ◽  
M Mcleod ◽  
HJ Percival
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Organic Liquid ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volcanic Material ◽  
Pale Colour ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Si in soil solution and allophane and halloysite content was studied by using a drainage sequence of three New Zealand soils from rhyolitic volcanic alluvium. Clay mineralogy was compared with soil colour and drainage. Allophane and halloysite contents of two morphologically similar soils from rhyolitic volcanic ash were also studied and possible reasons for differences in mineralogy were determined. Allophane was estimated by acid oxalate and pyrophosphate dissolution. The Al/Si ratio of the allophane was determined and the allophane content of the soil was estimated from the Si extracted in acid-oxalate. Halloysite was estimated by differential thermal analysis of the whole soil. Soil samples were centrifuged with a dense water-immiscible organic liquid to displace the soil solution from between soil particles. The Si in soil solution was then determined by spectrophotometry. Allophane was predominant when Si in soil solution was <10gm-3, and halloysite was predominant when Si in soil solution was >10gm-3. Low Si in soil solution and the presence of allophane was associated with well drained horizons which could be identified by their ochreous colour. High Si in soil solution, the absence of allophane and predominance of halloysite, was associated with poorly drained horizons. These horizons could be identified by their pale colour (chroma <2). In two morphologically similar soils, the change from allophane dominance in one soil to hahoysite dominance in the other soil also corresponded to an increase in Si in soil solution. This was probably the result of slightly slower horizon permeability which increased Si in soil solution to a level favouring halloysite formation.

Made for each other? Psychological contracts and service brands evaluations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Russel P.J. Kingshott ◽  
Sanjaya Singh Gaur ◽  
Piyush Sharma ◽  
Sheau Fen Yap ◽  
Yekaterina Kucherenko
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
Relational Contracts ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
Service Brand ◽  
Beauty Salons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the individual and combined effects of three types of psychological contracts between customers and service employees (i.e. transactional, relational and communal), resulting from the service organizations’ relational marketing efforts, on their customers’ service brand evaluations in terms of their satisfaction, trust and commitment toward the brand. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a field-survey of 303 regular customers of beauty salons and hairdressers in Auckland, New Zealand. All the constructs were measured using adapted versions of well-established scales and data was analyzed using SmartPLS due to the relatively smaller sample size and the primary research objective being the prediction of the three outcome variables (i.e. satisfaction, trust and commitment). Findings Transactional and relational contracts have a negative and positive impact, respectively, upon communal contracts. Communal contracts mediate the impact of transactional and relational contracts on trust and commitment but not on satisfaction. Trust also mediates the relationship between satisfaction and commitment. Research limitations/implications This paper collected data from female customers of beauty salons and hairdressers in New Zealand, which may affect the generalizability of the results. Practical implications This study provides practical insights into the differences in the roles of psychological contracts between the customers and service employees, which may help managers in service firms improve their customer relationship outcomes. Originality/value This paper extends the relationship and services marketing literature to reveal the individual and combined effects of the three types of psychological contracts on customer satisfaction, trust and commitment toward their service brand.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Workplace Practices and Firm Level Productivity in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Andrews ◽  
Brett Lineham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Comparable Rate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Workplace Practices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Raising New Zealand’s growth in productivity (ie output per person employed or hour worked) has become a topic of increasing political and academic debate. This has been driven by recognition that the relative decline in our incomes (compared to those of other developed nations) is a direct consequence of our inability to raise our productivity at a comparable rate. In this paper, we examine issues relating to achievement of productivity growth within organisations. We firstly contextualise this by providing a general overview of productivity trends, including the connection between firm­level and wider productivity. We then outline a framework for considering business practices and how these might affect workplace productivity; review New Zealand research findings about the relationship between workplace practices and firm­level productivity growth; and discuss the results of recent studies (done or funded by the Department of Labour) of change processes within organisations. From this, we conclude that there is a wide range of business improvement options, depending on the needs of the individual organisation; that significant improvements in workplace practices can be achieved; and that these contribute to a range of better operational outcomes. Ultimate benefits in productivity can be expected but are harder to attribute. However, the experience of the organisations studied highlights the challenges inherent in these processes, which require sustained commitment, and buy­in from people at all levels. There were significant differences in outcomes between those organisations that began with positive internal relationships and culture, and management leadership, and those where these conditions were absent.

Corrigenda - The chemical composition and ionic strength of soil solutions from New Zealand topsoils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
DC Edmeades ◽  
DM Wheeler ◽  
OE Clinton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Soil Solutions

In preliminary experiments a centrifuge method for extracting soil solutions was examined. Neither the time nor speed of centrifuging had any effect on the concentrations of cations in soil solution. The concentration of cations increased with decreasing soil moisture content, and NO3, Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations increased with increasing time of storage of freshly collected moist soils. It was concluded that to obtain soil solutions, which accurately reflect the soil solution composition and ionic strength (I) in situ, requires that soil samples are extracted immediately (<24 h) following sampling from the field. Prior equilibration of soil samples, to adjust soil moisture contents, is therefore not valid. The effect of time of sampling and soil type, and the effects of fertilizer and lime applications, on soil solution composition and ionic strength, were measured on freshly collected field moist topsoils. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH, and NO, were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. Consequently, there was a marked seasonal variation in ionic strength which ranged from 0.003 to 0.016 mol L-1 (mean, 0.005 s.d. 0.003) over time and soil type. Withholding fertilizer (P, K, S, Ca) for two years had only a minor effect on ionic composition and strength, and liming increased solution Ca, Mg and HCO3, but decreased Al, resulting in a twofold increase in ionic strength. These results suggest that the ionic strength of temperate grassland topsoils in New Zealand lie within the range 0.003-0.016 and are typically 0.005.

Skill Development and Problems in the Achievement of Transfer of Training Effects: Some New Zealand Rehabilitation Case Manager Data

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Ross Flett ◽  
Cathie Collinson ◽  
Jocelyn Handy ◽  
Fiona Alpass
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Case Manager ◽  
Case Managers ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Organisational Level

We examined the impact of a 27-week university-based professional training program on the self-rated skills and competencies of a group of New Zealand rehabilitation case managers. The extent to which training-related change transferred back to the workplace at both the individual and organisational level was also considered. Some pre-test/post-test increases in self-rated competencies were observed and these were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Training-related change back in the workplace was generally perceived to be in a negative direction, which highlights the fact that the relationship between the training process and subsequent skill/knowledge utilisation in the workplace is a complex and non-linear phenomenon. Some suggestions as to how research on training in rehabilitation might move forward are presented.

Aluminium speciation in seasonally dry high country soils, South Island, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Adams ◽  
P. D. McIntosh ◽  
R. D. Patterson ◽  
K. J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
S Phase ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Aluminium Speciation ◽  
Legume Growth

Soil solutions from an altitude sequence of South Canterbury high country soils (730– 1190 m) were analysed using a recently developed technique to obtain values for ‘free Al’ ([Al 3+ ]+[Al(OH) 2+ ]+[Al(OH)2 + ]+[AlF 2+ ]), an ‘organic-bound Al’ fraction, and the Al- complexation capacity (Al-CC). From 1979 these soils have been fertilised, oversown, and grazed. Since 1978, topsoils (0–7 . 5 cm) have become more acid, and average pH(H 2 O) (1 : 2 . 5 soil : H2O; n = 38) has fallen from 5 . 79 in 1978 to 5 . 25 in 1996. Despite this soil acidification, the current ‘free Al’ values are low (0 . 31–0 . 75 µМ) and are unlikely to limit legume growth. This conclusion was supported by root elongation experiments using Medicago sativa (Wairau lucerne). No significant correlation was observed between measured root elongation and either soil solution pH or ‘free Al’. Sunny aspects had higher ‘organic-bound Al’ and lower ‘free Al’ values. The values of p[Al 3+ ] calculated from ‘free Al’ were consistent with control of [Al 3+ ] by an Al(OH)3(s) phase rather than by organic matter. ‘Organic-bound Al’ correlated strongly with the concentration of humic substances in soil solution as estimated by the UV absorbance at 250 nm. The Al-CC decreased with a decrease in soil solution pH. Relative to the total reactive Al, the capacity of soil solutions to complex Al, as may be generated by acidification, was lower for the soils at lower elevations, pointing to potential for an earlier onset of Al toxicity at these sites.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

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