Effects of atmospheric evaporativity, soil type and redistribution time on evaporation from bare soil

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Jalota ◽  
SS Prihar
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Transmission

Several reports in the literature show that atmospheric evaporativity (Eo), water transmission characteristics of soil and distribution of water in the profile influence the pattern of evaporation losses from soil, but few relate to their interactive effects. Experiments were conducted with silt loam, sandy loam and loamy sand soils with zero and 2 days' redistribution time before commencement of evaporation under high (15.1 � 0.50 mm day-1), medium (10.1 � 0.50 mm day-1) and low (6.3 � 0.52 mm day-1) Eo to ascertain if cumulative evaporation (CE) was always greater under higher Eo irrespective of experimental conditions, and if the evaporation rates during falling rate stage were insensitive to changes in Eo in all soils. Where evaporation commenced immediately after wetting, CE up till 30 days was always higher under higher than lower Eo values in the silt loam and sandy loam soils. In the loamy sand, however, CE under medium Eo conditions exceeded that under high Eo conditions after 2 days. When evaporation commenced after 2 days of redistribution CE under medium and low Eo values exceeded that under high Eo values after 8 and 12 days in the sandy loam, and 2 and 6 days in loamy sand, respectively. Where evaporation was commenced after the 2-day redistribution, CE at 30 days in the silt loam and sandy loam was 12% less than where evaporation commenced immediately after infiltration under all the Eo values. In loamy sand these differences were 17% and 40% under low and high Eo values, respectively. CE as well as evaporation rate (ER) were sensitive to Eo in the initial period of falling rate stage in the silt loam and the sandy loam but not in the loamy sand.

Modified square root of time relation to predict evaporation trends from bare soil

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Jalota ◽  
SS Prihar ◽  
KS Gill
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Transport Theory ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Empirical Relations ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Time Relation

The existing methods of calculating cumulative evaporation (CE) from water transport theory pose a problem of availability of the governing parameters of the soil and atmospheric evaporativity. An empirical relation between CE, inclusive of the constant rate stage, and its time limit is not available. We investigated relations between CE and time (t) for different evaporativities (4). Estimates of CE by using the empirical relations between CE, t and vt agreed well with the observed values: where tf is the duration of the constant rate stage which can be computed from K and E0 K is the r,egression coefficient of CE on vt and b is the intercept. The results indicated that the duration of the constant rate stage decreased with increasing E0 and increasing redistribution time (T); CE under a lower E0 can exceed that under higher E0. Evaporation rate during the falling rate stage is dependent upon E0. For the same E0, the duration of the constant rate stage was higher in silt loam than in sandy loam.

Mobility of Herbicides in Soil Columns Under Saturated- and Unsaturated-Flow Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome B. Weber ◽  
David M. Whitacre
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
High Water ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Saturated Flow

Under unsaturated-flow conditions, bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) was considerably more mobile than buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxyl-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}. Because of their high water solubilities, both herbicides were much more mobile than atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), prometon [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine], or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Under saturated-flow conditions, buthidazole was leached through Lakeland loamy sand in slightly greater amounts than tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} or CN-10-3510 (formerly VEL 3510) {1-β,β-dimethoxyl-1-methyl-3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea}. Distribution of the three herbicides in the leached soil was similar and relatively uniform. In Lakeland loamy sand, 30 times as much tebuthiuron was leached under saturated-flow conditions as under unsaturated-flow conditions. Intermittent saturated-unsaturated-flow conditions resulted in four times as much leaching of tebuthiuron as unsaturated flow alone. Only one-tenth as much tebuthiuron leached under intermittent saturated-unsaturated-flow conditions as under saturated-flow conditions. Tebuthiuron added to Lakeland soil and oven-dried was retained in significantly greater amounts than when added to moist Lakeland soil. Low amounts of tebuthiuron leached through Lakeland loamy sand, Portsmouth sandy loam, and Rains silt loam, but high amounts leached through Davidson clay. Greater amounts of the herbicide were retained in the surface zones of the three former soils, but the inverse was the case for the Davidson soil.

Simulating the vertical transition of soil textural layers in north-western China with a Markov chain model

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danfeng Li ◽  
Ming'an Shao
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Textural Type ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The heterogeneity of textures in soil profiles is important for quantifying the movement of water and solutes through soil. Soil-profile textures to a depth of 300 cm were investigated at 100 sites in a 100-km2 area in the central region of the Heihe River system, where oases coexist with widespread deserts and wetland. The probability distribution of textural-layer thickness was quantified. The vertical transition of the soil textural layers was characterised by a Markov chain–log-normal distribution (MC-LN) model based on the probability of one textural type transitioning to another. Nine types of textural layers were observed: sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, and clay. Sand was the most frequent in the profiles, whereas silt loam and clay were rare. The layers of sand and silty clay were relatively thick, and the layers of loam and clay were relatively thin. The coefficients of variation ranged from 36–87%, indicating moderate variation in the layer thickness of each textural type. The soil profile was characterised as a log-normal distribution. A χ2 test verified the Markov characteristic and the stability of the vertical change of soil textural layers. Realisations of the soil textural profiles were generated by the MC-LN model. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the simulated mean layer thickness of each textural type agreed well with the corresponding field observations. Element values of the transition probability matrix of the textural layers simulated by the MC-LN model deviated <12.6% from the measured values, excluding the data from the layers of clay and silt loam. The main combinations of upper to lower textural layers in the study area were loamy sand and sand (or sandy loam), sandy loam and sand (or loamy sand and loam), loam and clay loam, clay loam (or silty clay) and silty clay loam, and silty clay loam and silty clay. The MC-LN model was able to accurately quantify the vertical changes of textures in the soil profiles. This study will aid in quantification of water and solute transport in soils with vertical heterogeneity of soil textural layers.

Distribution of Arsenic in Soil Profiles after Repeated Applications of MSMA

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Hiltbold ◽  
B. F. Hajek ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Repeated Applications

Arsenic as MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied to three soil types over a 6-year period. Percentage recovery of applied arsenic averaged 67, 57, and 39% in Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Decatur silt loam, and Dothan loamy sand soils, respectively. Essentially all of the arsenic recovered in the soils occurred in the plow layer with no evidence of leaching into deeper zones. Batch-equilibrium and soil-column studies in the laboratory indicated that the rate of MSMA movement through the surface horizon would be fastest in Dothan loamy sand and slowest in Decatur silt loam.

Factors Influencing Microbial Degradation of14C-Glyphosate to14CO2in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 686-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren J. Moshier ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Glyphosate Degradation

14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] degradation to14CO2was examined in a Spinks sandy loam, Collamer silt loam, and a Norfolk loamy sand. After 32 days, 40, 9.5, and 3% of the14C-glyphosate was recovered as14CO2in the three soils, respectively. The degradation was primarily microbial. Phosphate additions stimulated14C-glyphosate degradation to a limited extent in the Collamer silt loam but not in the Norfolk loamy sand. Additions of Fe+++and Al+++ions reduced degradation in the Spinks sandy loam. It is postulated that formation of colloidal Fe and Al precipitates in modified soils with concomitant adsorption of14C-glyphosate is responsible for decreased availability of14C-glyphosate to microorganisms. Mn++additions were found to increase degradation. Spinks soil and carbon substrate amendments failed to substantially increase degradation rates in both soils with low degradation rates.

Unsaturated water transmission characteristics of soils in relation to texture, aggregate size and initial moisture content

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
M. C. Mundra ◽  
Raj Pal ◽  
R. S. Siyag ◽  
S. R. Poonia
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Diffusivity ◽  
Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Transmission

SummaryTo study the effect of soil texture, aggregate size and initial moisture content on soil water diffusivity, D(θ), and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K(θ), horizontal absorption experiments were conducted on samples of loamy sand, sandy loam and clay–loam soils as well as on artificially prepared water-stable aggregates of a clay–loam sample (sizes 0.·25–0–25, 0·25–0·5, 0·5–1, 1–2, and 2–4 mm). For comparable moisture contents, D(θ) followed the order loamy sand > sandy loam > clay–loam. The effect of initial moisture content on D(θ) varied with soil texture. K(θ), which was evaluated using D(θ) for air-dry initial moisture content and the slopes of the water retention curves, also varied with soil texture.The D(θ) function for air-dry initial moisture content increased with the decrease in aggregate size, the increase being more pronounced below a size of 1 mm. Values of D(θ) obtained from initially airdry soil and at 10% of saturation moisture content did not differ greatly from one another. The K(θ) function was almost the same for aggregate sizes 1–2 and 2–4 mm. In the size ranges of < 1 mm, K(θ) increased with the decrease in aggregate size. The particle/aggregate size range of 0·1–0·5 mm was the most conducive to unsaturated water flow.

Chloride displacement by water in layered soil columns

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Ghuman ◽  
SS Prihar
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Layered Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Leaching Losses

The displacement of a surface slug of chloride as affected by rates of water application (v) and redistribution time in two-layered combinations of loamy sand, sandy loam, and silt loam soils was studied in 10 cm I.D., 95 cm long plexiglass columns. The salt moved deeper with a given amount of water in coarse-over-fine than in the fine-over-coarse sequence of layering. This is attributed to the low water retention of the coarse top layer and more complete and rapid redistribution of water due to greater suction in the lower fine layer. The chloride peak, after redistribution, coincided with the wetting front in the coarse-over-fine, but lagged behind it in fine-over-coarse profiles. However, the solute front coincided with the wetting front in all cases. Immediately following infiltration, salt was displaced deeper with v = 0.1 cm h-1 than with 1.0 cm h-1 (or ponding) in all combinations. But when infiltration plus redistribution times were matched for the two rates, v = 1.0 cm h-1 (or ponding) was more efficient than v = 0.1 cm h-1 in a coarse-over-fine profile, except in loamy sand-over-silt loam. In fine-over-coarse profiles both rates displaced the solute to comparable depths. The findings have implications in reducing leaching losses of nutrients.

Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
M. Saleem Akhtar ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽  
Brian K. Richards ◽  
Murray B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Lithium Transport ◽  
Loam Soil

Comparison of oxidoreductive enzyme activities in three coal tar creosote-contaminated soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Telesiński ◽  
Teresa Krzyśko-Łupicka ◽  
Krystyna Cybulska ◽  
Barbara Pawłowska ◽  
Robert Biczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Coal Tar ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Oxidoreductase Activity ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Negative Effect

This study used laboratory experiments to compare the effects of coal tar creosote on the activity of oxidoreductive enzymes in sandy loam, loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils. Different amounts of coal tar creosote were added to soil samples as follows: 0 (control), 2, 10 or 50 g kg–1 dry matter. The activity of soil dehydrogenases (DHAs), o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO), catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase (NR) and peroxidases (POX) was determined. Contamination of soil with coal tar creosote affected oxidoreductase activity. Oxidoreductive enzyme activity following soil contamination with coal tar creosote was in the following order: DHAs &gt; CAT &gt; NR &gt; POX &gt; o-DPO in loamy sand and in sandy loam; and DHAs &gt; POX &gt; CAT &gt; NR &gt; o-DPO in sandy clay loam. The index of soil oxidoreductive activity (IOx) introduced in this study confirms the negative effect of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductase activity in soil. DHAs were the most sensitive to the contamination of soil with coal tar creosote. Moreover, the greatest changes in oxidoreductase activities were observed in loamy sand. Knowledge of the mechanism underlying the effects of coal tar creosote on oxidoreductive processes may enable development of a method for the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in Trichoderma spp. Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez ◽  
Sergio Mezquita-García ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-González ◽  
Guzmán Carro-Huerga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species

Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as Trichoderma. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of Trichoderma spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with Trichoderma velutinum T029 and T. harzianum T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both Trichoderma species developed better in AS than in NS, T. velutinum T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than T. harzianum T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the Trichoderma development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in T. velutinum T029 development and pH in the development of T. harzianum T059.

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