Chloride displacement by water in layered soil columns

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 207 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Ghuman ◽  
SS Prihar
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Layered Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Leaching Losses

The displacement of a surface slug of chloride as affected by rates of water application (v) and redistribution time in two-layered combinations of loamy sand, sandy loam, and silt loam soils was studied in 10 cm I.D., 95 cm long plexiglass columns. The salt moved deeper with a given amount of water in coarse-over-fine than in the fine-over-coarse sequence of layering. This is attributed to the low water retention of the coarse top layer and more complete and rapid redistribution of water due to greater suction in the lower fine layer. The chloride peak, after redistribution, coincided with the wetting front in the coarse-over-fine, but lagged behind it in fine-over-coarse profiles. However, the solute front coincided with the wetting front in all cases. Immediately following infiltration, salt was displaced deeper with v = 0.1 cm h-1 than with 1.0 cm h-1 (or ponding) in all combinations. But when infiltration plus redistribution times were matched for the two rates, v = 1.0 cm h-1 (or ponding) was more efficient than v = 0.1 cm h-1 in a coarse-over-fine profile, except in loamy sand-over-silt loam. In fine-over-coarse profiles both rates displaced the solute to comparable depths. The findings have implications in reducing leaching losses of nutrients.

Mobility of Herbicides in Soil Columns Under Saturated- and Unsaturated-Flow Conditions

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome B. Weber ◽  
David M. Whitacre
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
High Water ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Saturated Flow

Under unsaturated-flow conditions, bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) was considerably more mobile than buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-4-hydroxyl-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone}. Because of their high water solubilities, both herbicides were much more mobile than atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), prometon [2,4-bis (isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine], or diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Under saturated-flow conditions, buthidazole was leached through Lakeland loamy sand in slightly greater amounts than tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} or CN-10-3510 (formerly VEL 3510) {1-β,β-dimethoxyl-1-methyl-3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl] urea}. Distribution of the three herbicides in the leached soil was similar and relatively uniform. In Lakeland loamy sand, 30 times as much tebuthiuron was leached under saturated-flow conditions as under unsaturated-flow conditions. Intermittent saturated-unsaturated-flow conditions resulted in four times as much leaching of tebuthiuron as unsaturated flow alone. Only one-tenth as much tebuthiuron leached under intermittent saturated-unsaturated-flow conditions as under saturated-flow conditions. Tebuthiuron added to Lakeland soil and oven-dried was retained in significantly greater amounts than when added to moist Lakeland soil. Low amounts of tebuthiuron leached through Lakeland loamy sand, Portsmouth sandy loam, and Rains silt loam, but high amounts leached through Davidson clay. Greater amounts of the herbicide were retained in the surface zones of the three former soils, but the inverse was the case for the Davidson soil.

Effect of Intermittent Water Application from Trickle Source on The Water Movement and Moisture Distribution in Layered Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
haqqi Yasin ◽  
abdul alsattar Al-Dabagh
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Layered Soil ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Silty Clay Loam

The aim of this research is to study the effect of intermittent water application on the wetting pattern and soil moisture distribution for homogeneous and layered soils under trickle source. Thirty experiments were conducted to monitor the advance of the wetting front in the soil profiles. Measurements of soil moisture content were also made at selected locations to evaluate the moisture distribution in soil. Four types of soil profiles were built; the first was sandy loam soil, the second was silty clay loam soil, the third was (silty clay loam/ sandy loam) layered soil, and the fourth was (sandy loam/ silty clay loam) layered soil. Three water application rates were used for each soil profile. Three continuous or intermittent applications were used; continuous applications, equally intermittent applications, and different intermittent applications. In addition, several cylindrical infiltration tests were conducted to describe some characteristics of each soil. Empirical relations to predict each of vertical (under trickle source) and horizontal (at soil surface) wetting front advance were found in this study. Empirical relations to predict the percentage of applied water volume in horizontal strips as a function of soil depth and in vertical strips as a function of horizontal distance from the trickle emitter were also found. The study showed that the wetted soil volume increases as either the water application rate increases, or the intermittent application ratio increases. Also, it showed that the ratio of horizontal advance to vertical advance of wetting front increases as either the water application rate increases, or the intermittent application ratio decreases. The study demonstrated that the accumulated ratio of water application volume at a certain soil depth from trickle source increases as the intermittent application ratio decreases. Also, it demonstrated that the accumulated ratio of water application volume at a certain horizontal distance from trickle source decreases as the intermittent application ratio decreases.

Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
M. Saleem Akhtar ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽  
Brian K. Richards ◽  
Murray B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Lithium Transport ◽  
Loam Soil

Long-term effect of biochar on soil physical properties of agricultural soils with different textures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zanutel ◽  
Sarah Garré ◽  
Charles Bielders
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Long Term Effect

<p>In the context of global soil degradation, biochar is being promoted as a potential solution to improve soil quality, besides its carbon sequestration potential. Burying biochar in soils is known to effect soil physical quality in the short-term (<5 years), and the intensity of these effects depends on soil texture. However, the long-term effects of biochar remain largely unknown yet and are important to quantify given biochar’s persistency in soils. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the long-term effect of biochar on soil physical properties as a function of soil texture and biochar concentration.  For this purpose, soil physical properties (particle density, bulk density, porosity, water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves) were measured in the topsoil of three fields with former kiln sites containing charcoal more than 150 years old in Wallonia (southern Belgium).  The fields had a silt loam, loam and sandy loam texture.  Samples were collected along 3 transects in each field, from the center of the kiln sites outwards. </p><p>Particle density and bulk density slightly decreased as a function of charcoal content. Because particle density and bulk density were affected to a similar extent by charcoal content, total porosity was not affected by the presence of century-old charcoal. Regarding the soil water retention curve, charcoal affected mostly water content in the mesopore range. This effect was strongest for the sandy loam. On the other hand, the presence of century-old charcoal increased significantly the hydraulic conductivity at pF between 1.5 and 2 for the silt loam, while no effect of charcoal was observed for the loamy soil.  The study highlights a limited effect of century-old charcoal on the pore size distribution (at constant porosity) and on the resulting soil physical properties for the range of soils and charcoal concentrations investigated here.  Further research may be needed to confirm the observed trends over a wider range of soil types. </p>

Simulating the vertical transition of soil textural layers in north-western China with a Markov chain model

Soil Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danfeng Li ◽  
Ming'an Shao
Keyword(s):  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Textural Type ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution

The heterogeneity of textures in soil profiles is important for quantifying the movement of water and solutes through soil. Soil-profile textures to a depth of 300 cm were investigated at 100 sites in a 100-km2 area in the central region of the Heihe River system, where oases coexist with widespread deserts and wetland. The probability distribution of textural-layer thickness was quantified. The vertical transition of the soil textural layers was characterised by a Markov chain–log-normal distribution (MC-LN) model based on the probability of one textural type transitioning to another. Nine types of textural layers were observed: sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, silt loam, loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, and clay. Sand was the most frequent in the profiles, whereas silt loam and clay were rare. The layers of sand and silty clay were relatively thick, and the layers of loam and clay were relatively thin. The coefficients of variation ranged from 36–87%, indicating moderate variation in the layer thickness of each textural type. The soil profile was characterised as a log-normal distribution. A χ2 test verified the Markov characteristic and the stability of the vertical change of soil textural layers. Realisations of the soil textural profiles were generated by the MC-LN model. A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the simulated mean layer thickness of each textural type agreed well with the corresponding field observations. Element values of the transition probability matrix of the textural layers simulated by the MC-LN model deviated <12.6% from the measured values, excluding the data from the layers of clay and silt loam. The main combinations of upper to lower textural layers in the study area were loamy sand and sand (or sandy loam), sandy loam and sand (or loamy sand and loam), loam and clay loam, clay loam (or silty clay) and silty clay loam, and silty clay loam and silty clay. The MC-LN model was able to accurately quantify the vertical changes of textures in the soil profiles. This study will aid in quantification of water and solute transport in soils with vertical heterogeneity of soil textural layers.

Mobility and Distribution of Buthidazole and Metabolites in Four Leached Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome B. Weber ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns

Buthidazole {3-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl}-4-hydroxyl-1-methyl-2-imidazolidinone} was incubated for 30 days and then leached through Norfolk loamy sand, Lakeland loamy sand, Davidson clay, and Alamance silt loam soils. Similar amounts of the herbicide leached through all of the soils, but distribution in the soils varied greatly.14C-buthidazole distribution in the Lakeland and Norfolk sandy soils was relatively uniform throughout the soil columns. In the Alamance silt loam and Davidson clay, much greater amounts of buthidazole were found in the upper soil zones than in the lower zones. Six metabolites of buthidazole (dihydroxy, desmethyl dihydroxy, dehydrate, methylurea, urea, and amine) were distributed in varying amounts in each of the soils.

Distribution of Arsenic in Soil Profiles after Repeated Applications of MSMA

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Hiltbold ◽  
B. F. Hajek ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Repeated Applications

Arsenic as MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied to three soil types over a 6-year period. Percentage recovery of applied arsenic averaged 67, 57, and 39% in Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Decatur silt loam, and Dothan loamy sand soils, respectively. Essentially all of the arsenic recovered in the soils occurred in the plow layer with no evidence of leaching into deeper zones. Batch-equilibrium and soil-column studies in the laboratory indicated that the rate of MSMA movement through the surface horizon would be fastest in Dothan loamy sand and slowest in Decatur silt loam.

Napropamide Adsorption, Desorption, and Movement in Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 454-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu-Huang Wu ◽  
Normie Buehring ◽  
J. M. Davidson ◽  
P. W. Santelmann
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Muck Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil columns and soil thin-layer chromatography were used to evaluate the mobility of napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N,-diethylpropionamide] in various soils. The surface-applied herbicide did not move deeper than approximately 6 cm in a Teller sandy loam soil after a water application of 10.2 cm. The Rfvalues for napropamide and two reference herbicides were in the order of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] > napropamide > terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine]. The mobility of each herbicide was reduced with an increase in clay and organic matter content. Carbon-14 ring labeled napropamide was used to determine the adsorption and desorption characteristics of the herbicide in various soils. The Rfvalues obtained with napropamide and each soil agreed with the adsorptive characteristics. Small applications of a muck soil to a sand (2%, w/w) significantly increased herbicide adsorption and decreased herbicide desorption.

Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 316-316
Author(s):  
M. Saleem Akhtar ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽  
Brian K. Richards ◽  
Murray B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Lithium Transport ◽  
Loam Soil

Factors Influencing Microbial Degradation of14C-Glyphosate to14CO2in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 686-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren J. Moshier ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Degradation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Glyphosate Degradation

14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] degradation to14CO2was examined in a Spinks sandy loam, Collamer silt loam, and a Norfolk loamy sand. After 32 days, 40, 9.5, and 3% of the14C-glyphosate was recovered as14CO2in the three soils, respectively. The degradation was primarily microbial. Phosphate additions stimulated14C-glyphosate degradation to a limited extent in the Collamer silt loam but not in the Norfolk loamy sand. Additions of Fe+++and Al+++ions reduced degradation in the Spinks sandy loam. It is postulated that formation of colloidal Fe and Al precipitates in modified soils with concomitant adsorption of14C-glyphosate is responsible for decreased availability of14C-glyphosate to microorganisms. Mn++additions were found to increase degradation. Spinks soil and carbon substrate amendments failed to substantially increase degradation rates in both soils with low degradation rates.

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